Plant micropropagation has an outstanding position in biotechnology industry. Plant production through this technique can benefit from the utilisation of mycorrhiza, the mutualistic association between plant roots and fungi. A growing body of knowledge and experience is showing that it is possible to use the mycorrhizas in order to market healthy and strong microplants that are able to overcome stress caused by transferring from the „in vitro" to greenhouse conditions and assure the optimal growth, even under adverse production conditions. Mycorrhizal technology is not limited to plants forming vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, but it can be also applied to the species forming ectomycorrhizas and ericoid endomycorrhizas.
Probably all gymnosperms and about 85% angiosperms are able to form mycorrhizae. All terrestial gymnosperms seem to require mycorrhizae for survival and reproduction in the natural environment. Most of the herbaceous plants are exlusively VAMF partners. The VAM fungi show a wide distribution - they belong to several genera of the Zygomycetes, Glomales and Gigasporinae orders. They are obligatory biotrophic organisms, acquiring nutritional elements from living cells of plant roots. The interaction between root cells and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi changes: quantity and quality of roots exudates; transportation of carbon between leaves, stalks and roots of plants, uptake of P, N and microelements by plants. The root colonization by symbiotic fungi contributes to biocontrol of plant pathogens, decrease of water deficiency stress and toxicity of heavy metals to plants. Plant roots colonization by VAM fungi is controlled by molecular signals. These signals reach both the fungal spores and intracellular receptors of plants on specific points on the membrane. Molecular signals from VAM fungi induce expression of specific plant symbiosis genes controlling establishment and effectiveness of mycorrhiza.
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