Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Microplastics in coastal sediments of Ełckie Lake (Poland)

100%

Rogowska W. , Skorbiłowicz E. , Skorbiłowicz M. , Trybułowski Ł.

Studia Quaternaria

|

2021

|

tom Vol. 38, Nr 2

109--116

EN

Plastics are materials with many properties that make them extremely popular in everyday life and various industries. Studies show that plastic debris is global pollution and widespread in virtually all ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the coastal sediments of Ełckie Lake in terms of the presence of microplastics. Samples of sediments (n = 37) from the coastal zone of Ełckie Lake were drawn from different areas, including urban, rural, and tourist locations, and beaches. After the coastal sediment samples taking, they were subjected to density separation, filtration, and visual evaluation using the Olympus BX63 fluorescent microscope. Particles were classified according to the category of visible characteristics of microplastics including size, shape and colour. The results of the study showed the presence of microplastics in 84% of the examined coastal sediment samples of Ełckie Lake. Fibres, flakes, granules, and foils (films) had found in 58%, 45%, 32%, and 13% of the samples that contained microplastic, respectively. The majority of the detected microplastic was 0.5–1 mm in size and black was the dominant colour. Spatial variability was perceived in microplastic concentrations, giving premises to the assumption of dependence between local human activity and the content of particles.

2

Preliminary approach to ecological risk assessment of microplastics in selected coastal regions of Baltic Sea

100%

Krasowska K. , Dereszewska A. , Popek M.

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

|

2022

|

tom Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2022

133--142

EN

The aim of the study is to provide a primary understanding of the risk of microplastics (MPs) pollution in selected coastal regions of the Baltic Sea waters. This chapter presents preliminary data on the presence of MPs in superficial layers of seawater and sediments of the Puck Bay and Gulf of Gdansk. The environmental risk assessment has been performed for microplastics of the order of size from 0.3 to 5 mm. The detected fragments of microplastics and synthetic textile fibres are present in amounts that do not pose a significant threat to the marine ecosystem. However, microplastics contamination is projected to continue to increase in the region of the Baltic Sea, so it is necessary to monitor and take precautionary actions to minimise concentrations of microplastics in these environments.

3

Microplastics in coastal sediments of Ełckie Lake (Poland)

100%

Rogowska W. , Skorbiłowicz E. , Skorbiłowicz M. , Trybułowski Ł. , Rogowska W. , Skorbiłowicz E. , Skorbiłowicz M. , Trybułowski Ł.

|

nr 2

4

Plant balls from a Pomeranian lake, their invertebrate and microplastic components

100%

Witalis B. , Kornijów R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 52, No. 3

307--311

EN

Two balls with similar diameters (approximately 11–12 cm) were found on the bottom of Lake Białe (Kashubian Lake District) at depths of 4 m and 7 m. The structures were made of tightly-packed plant remains represented mainly by decaying leaves of Larix sp. The balls were colonised by invertebrates (Tubificinae, Hirudinea, Isopoda, and insect larvae). They also contained pollutants, namely microplasticsin blue, white, red, and black colours with a length from 500 to 1000 μm. Four other balls had been earlier reported byan other diver in the same lake. According to a report of the local press, similar balls have also been found in Lake Bobęcińskie (Bytowskie Lake District). This article aims to record the first appearance of larch balls in this area.

5

Conditions for Sediment Coating Microplastic in Mangrove Ecosystems in Kupang and Rote, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

100%

Zandhi R. , Yuliadi L. P. S. , Ismail M. R. , Yuniarti M. S.

World News of Natural Sciences

|

2019

|

tom 27

50-58

EN

The observation and direct sampling, as well as laboratory tests of this research was conducted from June until October 2018. This study aims to determine the existence of microplastics in the sediment of water bodies in Kupang and Rote Districts based on the number, type, size and abundance of microplastics. The data used in this study include the type of sediment, microplastic abundance and the characteristics of the data collection area. Microplastics are plastic particles sized less than 5 mm, and in our research, were divided into 4 types: manifold fiber, fragment, film and pellets. Herein, 849 particles of microplastic were found: 635 fibers, 160 particle fragments, and 54 particle films. The primary influencing factor for microplastic deposition is the sedimentary texture itself. Sediments of a coarse type do not capture as much microplastic as do sediments of a finer texture. Data collection area characteristics also affect accumulation.

6

Microplastics in the drinking water of the Riobamba city, Ecuador

100%

Paredes M. , Castillo T. , Viteri R. , Fuentes G. , Bodero E.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2019

|

tom Vol. 28, No. 4

653--663

EN

The city of Riobamba captures for human consumption groundwater from melting glaciers, from seven wells in the foothills of the Chimborazo volcano. The objective is determine the percentage of existing microplastics in drinking water distribution system. Sixty two samples were collected, analysed with a cellulose filter and Nile red dye. Then observed in a stereoscope, obtaining presence in 12 samples of the 62 analysed. The results of the analysis show that there is a 19% presence of microplastics.

7

Chemical Coagulation Applied for the Removal of Polyethylene and Expanded Polystyrene Microplastics

100%

de Oliveira T. L. , Bacelar J. M. , Teran F. J. C. , Cuba R. M. F. , Porto V. H. S. F.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 24, nr 11

163--168

EN

Microplastics are emerging pollutants, formed through weathering, with sizes equal to or smaller than 5 mm. They can reach surface and groundwater sources, as well as oceans and seas through natural pathways or from the discharge of liquid effluents, causing immeasurable effects on human beings. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal conditions for the removal of polyethylene (PE) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) microplastics through coagulation and flocculation processes using aluminum sulfate. To achieve this goal, two 22 full factorial designs were employed, including two replicates at the central points. The sizes of the microplastics were fixed at 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm for PE and EPS, respectively. The selected independent variables were Al2 (SO4)3 and pH. The experiments were conducted considering rapid mixing parameters (400 rpm for 1 min), slow mixing (100 rpm for 15 min), and sedimentation (30 min), with a velocity of 0.1 cm•min–1 in the Jar Test. Turbidity determination was applied to quantify the remaining microplastics. Consequently, it was observed that the highest efficiency occurred for PE microplastics at 4.25 mg•L–1 of Al2 (SO4)3 and pH 5, and for EPS microplastics at 6.00 mg•L–1 of Al2 (SO4)3 and pH 4, resulting in removal rates of 96.81% and 96.30% and turbidity levels of 0.38 and 0.50 NTU, respectively. The removal efficiencies of microplastics were similar, with a decrease at pH 6 for both, as low ionic strength prevents the release of H+ ions.

8

Investigation of Microplastic Contamination in Sediments, Water and Aquatic Biota in Lake Beratan, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province – Indonesia

88%

Watiniasih N. L. , Hendrawan I. G. , Nuarsa I. W. , Wiradana P. A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 24, nr 3

323--332

EN

Microplastics (MPs) has become a very serious global threat, especially to the health of animals, humans and the environment. In this study we aim to investigate the contamination of MPs in sediment, air, and aquatic biota collected from the waters of Lake Beratan in Bali Province, Indonesia. Lake Beratan is one of the strategic areas that continues to develop as a tourist destination, agriculture and fisheries, as well as a source of water for daily needs. Sediment, water, and aquatic biota samples were collected from 4 stations that represent the Beratan Lake area. Each sample obtained was then followed by the pre-treatment stage using 5 M NaCl solution. Furthermore, the extraction process for each sample used wet oxidation peroxidation (WPO) with the addition of Fe (II) catalyst. The highest average weight of MPs in the sediment samples was obtained at the 1st sampling point of 2.53% which was dominated by soft fragments. The percentage of MPs weight in the water samples was varied at each sampling point with the highest obtained at the 4th point of 99.2% and was dominated by hard-shaped fragments at all sampling points. The collected aquatic biota was also contaminated by MPs of 68% in fish and 36.40% in shrimp. The types of MPs found in the digestive tract of aquatic biota are in the form of fragments, filaments, films and foam. These results indicate that the aquatic environment of Lake Beratan, Bali has MPs content that varies in sediment, water and aquatic biota which are often consumed by the local community. This must be of particular concern and further investigation, especially regarding the environmental management of the lake area and the relevant authorities in formulating regulations to reduce the harmful effects of MPs contamination.

9

Microplastics contamination in commercial fish landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Central Java, Indonesia

88%

Hidayati N. V. , Rachman F. O. B. , Muslih , Hidayat R. R. , Meinita M. D. N. , Hendrayana , Husni I. A. , Andriyono S. , Sanjayasari D.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2023

|

tom no. 58

70--78

EN

Plastic is one of the main pollutant sources that are difficult to decompose and then carried into the ocean and fragmented into smaller parts (microplastics) due to UV radiation and water currents. Their small size means that microplastics are often ingested by aquatic organisms, such as fish. This research aimed to determine the presence, abundance, and types of microplastics in the digestive tract of four dominant fishes landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Cilacap, Central Java, i.e. threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.), threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus), and hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus). We found microplastics in the digestive tract of four selected fishes with a frequency of occurrence of 100%. The concentration of microplastics in fish digestive tracts is relatively high, with a value range of 12 ±2.86 to 28.33 ±8.11 particles∙ind.-1. Microplastics were found in films, fibres, fragments, and granule shape types with various colours: brown, purple, blue, black, green, transparent, and yellow. The polymers found were polystyrene (PS), nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The present study provides baseline data for microplastics contamination in commercial fish species landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. The fact that we discovered PU, the most harmful polymer, piques our attention.

10

Microplastics Contamination in the Aquatic Environment of Indonesia: A Comprehensive Review

88%

Sari G. L. , Kasasiah A. , Utami M. R. , Trihadiningrum Y.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2021

|

tom Vol. 22, nr 10

127--140

EN

The abundance of microplastics (MP) in the aquatic environment is increasingly disturbing for maritime countries, especially Indonesia, because it has the potential to threaten the health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. This review summarized and discussed the distribution of MP abundance in Indonesian aquatic ecosystems which concluded that rivers, bays and estuaries, beaches, seas, and even fish and shellfish have been contaminated. The highest contamination of MP was found in the waters of Jakarta, West Java, and East Java, which are densely populated areas. The potential threat of exposure and accumulation of MP to human health was also discussed. However, differences in the methods and units of measurement for MP as well as limited information regarding the interaction of MP with human organ functions are weaknesses in this review. The future research on the relationship between food and feeding habits of the community around contaminated waters with the accumulation of MP in the human body is needed to identify the prevention and treatment strategies.

11

Investigation of the process of adsorption of heavy metals in coastal sands containing micro-plastics, with special attention to the effect of aging process and bacterial spread in micro-plastics

88%

Seyfi S. , Katibeh H. , Heshami M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2021

|

tom Vol. 47, no. 3

50--59

EN

The chief purpose of this study is to investigate the process of adsorption of heavy metals in sands containing microplastics due to aging and bacterial culture. For this purpose, first, the experiment’s conditions were determined by reviewing previous studies and examining the effects of factors on the duration of bacterial culture and UV radiation. Finally, the test conditions were determined as follows: 25 g of adsorbent in 250 ml solution containing 50 mg/l of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, and nickel, 750 micrograms of microplastic, bacterial culture time two days, aging time with UV light 14 days. Results of the study show that the addition of virgin microplastics has little effected on increasing the adsorbent strength, except in the case of nickel which reduces adsorption strength. The aging process increases the absorption of all studied metals by up to 60%. Bacterial culture without an aging process reduces the absorption of nickel and cadmium. Simultaneous use of bacterial culture and aging increases the adsorption power by up to 80% for all metals.

12

An Occupant-Based Overview of Microplastics in Indoor Environments in the City of Surabaya, Indonesia

88%

Bahrina I. , Syafei A. D. , Satoto R. , Jiang J.-J. , Nurasrin N. R. , Assomadi A. F. , Boedisantoso R. , Hermana J. , Nasir M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2020

|

tom Vol. 21, nr 8

236--242

EN

Airborne microplastics smaller than 5 mm in diameter can be easily inhaled by humans, impacting their health. The human exposure to microplastics can occur in indoor environments, and this study investigated the degree of indoor deposition of microplastics in settled dust. The authors assessed the relationship between the number of occupants/people and the amount of microplastics in their indoor environment by determining the indoor microplastic exposure in two offices, two schools, and two apartments in Surabaya, Indonesia. The settled dust was collected using a vacuum cleaner for 10 minutes on a single weekday and the weekend at each study location. The results show that the amount of microplastics collected at each location during workdays exceeded the amount found on weekends. The two offices sampled were found to have the greatest amounts of microplastics (334 particles on a weekday, 242 particles on a weekend; and 351 particles on a weekday, 252 particles on a weekend), and the two apartments produced the least amounts of microplastics (133 particles on a weekday, 127 particles on a weekend; and 108 particles on a weekday, 95 particles on a weekend). The dominant microplastic shape was that of fiber, and the dominant size range of the microplastics collected was 3000–3500 µm. The amount of indoor microplastics is influenced by the activities and the number of occupants/people in the space. The exposure levels indicated here will contribute to the formulation of the environmental health policy recommendations.

13

Investigating Microplastics in the Mediterranean Coastal Areas – Case Study of Al-Hoceima Bay, Morocco

88%

Achoukhi I. , El Hammoudani Y. , Dimane F. , Haboubi K. , Bourjila A. , Haboubi C. , Benaissa C. , Elabdouni A. , Faiz H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 24, nr 5

176--190

EN

The issue of microplastics pollution is gaining increasing attention as a global environmental concern. These tiny particles, measuring no more than 5 mm in size and coming in various shapes, can affect all types of marine eco-systems as they are easily consumed by a wide range of marine species. Al-Hoceima Bay, with its semi-enclosed nature and heavily affected anthropized coastline, was chosen as the study area for this research. The main objective was to investigate the presence of various microplastic types in Al-Hoceima Bay by implementing a sampling strategy along the coastline. This comprehensive approach was applied on a local scale within the bay (located in the northwest Mediterranean). Three stations were established in the bay, each located at different levels: the supralittoral, medilittoral and interlittoral. Microplastics were collected from these locations and classified into four categories based on their abundance. Digital microscopy was used to count the plastic particles and they were identified by Fourier transform-attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Results showed a higher presence of microplastics in water at 114 particles/L compared to sediment at 70 particles/L. The classification of samples revealed fibers as the most prevalent form, followed by fragments and films being the least commonly found. The abundance of fibers was found to be higher in water 90%, while in sediment it was 31%, however, fragments and leaves were found in higher concentrations in sediment. Polypropylene and polyethylene were identified as the major polymers used in the microplastics analyzed.

14

Source Apportionment of Microplastics in Environment from Sanitary Landfill – A Case Study of Muangpak Municipality Landfill, Thailand

88%

Saengchut P. , Viriya H. , Kongritti N.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

tom Vol. 25, nr 1

278--284

EN

The controlling microplastics (MPs) at source is a management method that can effectively reduce the amount of contamination in the environment. The main source of MPs was landfills that the decomposition of solid waste, MPs has an impact on environmental quality especially the health of humans. This research was investigated of MPs contamination at landfill site in the Muangpak municipality for analysis of MPs quantitative and source apportionment of MPs. The results of the composition of municipal solid waste by quartering method found that bio-degradable solid waste was as high as 36.27% followed by general solid waste of 35.97% which was mostly plastic waste and effect the contamination of MPs in the environment. The distribution of MPs in environmental found that highest abundance was 66.44% of leachate sludge pond 1 followed by leachate sludge pond 2 (26.30%), sediment of surface water (3.32%), leachate pond 1 (1.04%), leachate pond 2 (0.80%), groundwater point 3 (0.62%), groundwater point 1 (0.58%), surface water (0.53%) and groundwater point 2 (0.37%). The contamination of polymer types of MPs at higher densities of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) than polypropylene (PP) was found in samples closest to landfill area especially leachate pond more than 90%. The source apportionment of MPs using statistical analysis found that plastic waste has correlated to occurrence of LDPE and plastic bottle waste has correlated to occurrence of HDPE that both types of plastic waste are related to the amount of general solid waste and recycle solid waste increases every year.

15

Microplastics abundance in domestic wastewater as a pollutant source for the Daroy River, Indonesia

75%

Fauzi M. , Soewondo P. , Darnas Y. , Handajani M. , Tedjakusuma T. , Nizar M. , Muna C. R. , Nur A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2023

|

tom no. 59

118--125

EN

Domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia is directly discharged to the Daroy River without any treatment process. Domestic wastewater from Gampong Garot has been one of the contributors to microplastics contamination in the Daroy River. The microplastics (MPs) contained in domestic wastewater might come from used soaps and detergent products, as well as the scouring of clothes during washing. Thus, this study aims to investigate the abundance of MPs in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot. The sampling points were determined based on purposive sampling, with samples taken at the end of the main pipe that directly leads to the Daroy River. Organics in domestic wastewater were removed using 30% H2O2 liquid through a digestion process at a temperature of 75°C. MPs characteristics such as size, shape, and colour were visually analysed using a light binocular microscope at 100× magnification, while the polymer type was analysed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The concentration of MPs in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot was 30.238 ±1.228 particles∙(100 cm)-3 sample. The most common sizes of MPs were found to be in the range of 1,001-5,000 μm, while the dominant colour and shape were transparent and fibre-like. Polyester (PES) was the most detected type of MPs. These findings highlight the need for wastewater treatment before discharge into aquatic bodies.

16

Investigating the content of microplastics and other extraneous particles in Polish bottled water

75%

Aleksander-Kwaterczak U. , Gaj D. , Stelmach A. , Wróbel T. P.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 49, no. 4

335--353

EN

Bottled water has enjoyed a global increase in popularity since it is generally perceived to be superior in quality to tap water and necessary when tap water is non-potable. As a result, ensuring that it meets the requisite quality standards is of vital importance. This work aims to examine the content of solid particles, including microplastics, in bottled water available in Polish stores. The second aspect is the preliminary determination of the influence of the water gassing process, together with thermal and light factors, on the content of particles in the water. The number of particles was counted by colour and shape, with the number ranging from 87 to 188 per litre of water; on average, there were 136 ±32 particles per litre of water, demonstrating that water from disposable plastic bottles is contaminated with various substances. The difference in the number of particles may be due to the origin of the waters, the processes they were subjected to prior to bottling, the properties of the bottles as packaging, and the conditions and length of storage and transport. Additional Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed that about 75% of the particles were polymers, and 50% of them were plastics. Particularly alarming is the fact that the bottled waters mostly contained microplastic particles (MP) of smaller sizes, the kind which is recognized as being the most dangerous to human health. In the study, most particles were in the form of irregular shapes, which may indicate that they come from the destruction of waste or plastic products. This is also indicated by the domination of colourless particles. More particles were found in waters exposed to high and low temperatures than in waters stored at room temperature, potentially indicating that storage conditions for drinking water are important. Taking into account the results obtained, increasing attention should be paid to the health risks posed by such microplastics and there is a clear need to introduce legal regulations on the matter. The lack of any legal guidelines or unified standards in the field of MP research means that the results are not always representative, and it also makes it difficult to compare the results from different studies.

17

Microplastics in composts as a barrier to the development of circular economy

75%

Grąz K. , Kwaśny J.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

|

2021

|

tom Vol. 14, no. 4

137--144

EN

The philosophy of sustainable development imposes on waste management systems solutions that are technically correct, economically effective and socially acceptable. One of the elements of these systems is the management of organic waste in two streams: municipal organic waste and the so-called green waste. Their composition is different, but some properties and technological processing possibilities are identical. The possibilities of using organic recycling products are also completely different. However, in both cases, such treatment is necessary, regardless of the type of waste, to either use it as much as possible or to store only bio-stable waste. A big problem all over the world, not only for cities, is nano- and microplastics. It is estimated that 2-5% of all plastics produced are discharged into the oceans. High-density polymers settle to the bottom of water bodies, imitating food for bottom invertebrates. Conversely, low-density microplastics floating on the surface of the water pose a threat to zooplankton and smaller fish. However, the conducted research indicates that the pollution of terrestrial environments may be even 4 to 23 times greater than that of the ocean. While flowing through the sewage treatment plant, microplastics are accumulated in sewage sludge, and in the case of natural use of the sludge, they can end up in the soil and in the food chain of animals and humans. Composts are another source of soil contamination, especially from municipal organic waste and green waste. On January 16, 2018, the European Commission published the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy, which outlines how plastic products are designed, manufactured, used and recycled. The aim of the paper is to present the initial results of preliminary tests on organic waste in terms of the possibility of identifying microplastics in them [1-3].

18

Mikroplastiki - nowe zanieczyszczenia ekosystemów wodnych

75%

Piskuła P. , Astel A.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

|

2018

|

tom R. 23, nr 1

6--12

19

Mikroplastik w wodach powierzchniowych - problemy i wyzwania

75%

Nocoń W. , Moraczewska-Majkut K. , Wiśniowska E.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2018

|

tom Nr 8

304--308

PL

Problem mikroplastiku w środowisku wodnym po raz pierwszy został zaobserwowany w latach siedemdziesiątych XX wieku. Stale wzrastająca produkcja tworzyw sztucznych spowodowała również znaczny wzrost ich ilości w środowisku. Jednak mimo ponad czterdziestu lat badań, zagadnienia związane z występowaniem mikroplastiku w wodach śródlądowych nie są wystarczająco dobrze opisane w literaturze naukowej. Mimo wielu lat badań samo określenie „mikroplastik” jest w różny sposób definiowane. Ponadto zauważalna jest również znaczna dowolność w sposobie pobierania próbek, wyizolowania materiału badawczego oraz podawania i interpretacji wyników. Niniejsza praca ma na celu przybliżenie zagadnień z tym związanych, zwrócenie uwagi na rozbieżności wynikające z różnych realiów, w których pracują zespoły badawcze, a przede wszystkim zasygnalizowanie problemów, z jakimi w najbliższych latach będą musiały się zmierzyć zespoły naukowców i inżynierów zajmujących się szeroko pojętą inżynierią i ochroną środowiska.

EN

The problem of microplastics in the aquatic environment was first observed in the 1970s. The constantly increasing production of plastics also caused a significant increase in their quantity in the environment. However, despite more than forty years of research, issues related to the occurrence of microplastics in inland waters are not well described in the scientific literature. Despite many years of research, the term "micro-plastic” is defined in various ways. In addition, there is also considerable latitide in the method of sampling, the isolation of the research material, providing and interpretation of results. This work aims to familiarize with related issues, draw attention to discrepancies resulting from various realities in which research teams work, and above all to signal problems that will be faced in the coming years by teams of scientists and engineers involved in broadly understood engineering and environmental protection.

20

Mikroplastik w środowisku naturalnym

75%

Samsonowska K. , Kaszuba A.

Polimery

|

2022

|

tom Vol. 67, nr 1

28--33

PL

Ze wzrostem produkcji tworzyw polimerowych gwałtownie zwiększyła się ilość odpadów plastikowych. Problem dotyczy nie tylko akwenów, gdzie odpady z tworzyw tworzą dryfujące wyspy śmieci, ale także plaż i niekontrolowanych wysypisk. Realnym niebezpieczeństwem dla środowiska naturalnego oraz zdrowia ludzi i zwierząt jest tzw. mikroplastik.

EN

With the increase in plastic production, the amount of plastic waste has increased sharply. The problem concerns not only waters where plastic waste forms drifting islands of rubbish, but also beaches and uncontrolled landfills. The real danger to the environment and human and animal health is the so-called microplastic.