Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Review: "Elementy etyki lekarskiej," by Tadeusz Biesaga

100%

Hołub G.

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nr 1

204-206

EN

The article reviews the book Elementy etyki lekarskiej [Issues in Physician Ethics], by Tadeusz Biesaga.

2

ASSUMPTIONS OF MAXIMAL INDIVIDUALISM IN THE TIME OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: ETHICAL ASPECTS

80%

BAUM E. , ŻOK A.

Society Register

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2020

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tom 4

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nr 3

79-88

EN

Maximal individualism, which is currently a prevalent trend in the way many patients think, places high hopes in the achievements of biomedicine and assumes that everyone should always receive optimal medical care. Such an approach is in line with many normative and legal acts operating worldwide, including the Declaration of Human Rights. However, its feasibility and effectiveness in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic raises numerous ethical, social and economic dilemmas. The culture of prosperity and excess, characteristic of contemporary Western societies, makes it even more challenging to come to terms with this situation.

3

Reception of some Aspects of the Hippocratic Medical Ethics in Antiquity

80%

Aszyk P.

Forum Philosophicum

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2007

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tom 12

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nr 2

333-343

EN

The Hellenic medical ideas have found appreciation among people over centuries. Though the initial concept remained the same, methods or ways to achieve desired aims have changed. Since Hippocrates, new generations of physicians have worked hard to find more powerful types of therapies to relieve their patients and make treatment less burdensome. The struggle of medicine is very specific and requires, apart from practical skills, a clear personal commitment to help people wisely. From the Early Antiquity, both medicine and medical ethics go together. Wherever Hippocratic medicine is practiced, an appropriate moral pattern accompanies it because the Hellenic doctor offered purely clinical data and his art should not be separated from anthropology, ethics and religion.

4

Aktualne problemy medycyny – technika czy etyka?

71%

Płazak W.

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nr 65

PL

Technical and pharmacological revolution in contemporary medicine has not resolved the ethical problems that seem to be more relevant today than ever before. Most of the papers that concern medical ethics focus on `great' problems, such as human genome sequencing, organizms cloning and quantitative or qualitative interference with life creation. This article, however, describes practical ethical problems that the doctors face in every-day practice. First of all, the problem of how thestandards of prophilaxis and treatment should be established when the costs exceed financial possibilities of a health system. Secondly, how to face the problem of rare diseases when the cost of a single patient treatment may be equal to the whole medical department budget. Thirdly, how to procede with elderly patients with multiple diseases qualified for invasive procedures. All of these examples share the common base: in these cases the technical equipment is at our disposal, yet we cannot or we do not want to use it.

5

Koncept autonomie v medicíně : K teorii informovaného souhlasu a jeho aplikaci v českém zdravotnictví

70%

Kuře J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2014

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tom 62

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nr 6

895-908

XX

The paper begins with the question of the participation of human subjects in biomedical research, pointing a way from the first principle of the Belmont Report towards the concept of autonomy as expressed by informed consent. From the use of informed consent in experimental medicine, the paper then moves to the application of informed consent in clinical practice. Further, the paper outlines the cultural and philosophical context of the transformation of medicine into biomedicine from the perspective of human subject research, discussing the concept which has played the key role in the ethical framework of both experimental and clinical medicine in the Czech Republic. Finally the paper provides some critical notes on the concept of informed consent and its practice in Czech healthcare.

6

Artistic Enhancement. Literature and Film as Mirror and Means of Human Enhancement

70%

Fürholzer K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica

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2018

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nr 32

71-85

EN

Human enhancement affects all members of society and is thus closely linked to issues of social justice: up to now, the promises and perils of enhancement are usually only known to, and thus used, by few members of society. This can lead to individual competitive advantages that create or widen social gaps. Broad public information is, therefore, key to ensure that enhancement does not conflict with the principle of equality of opportunities. As possible means of public information, literature and films are able to counter such possible social injustice, which is why they may be allotted a central role in the ethical debates on human enhancement. Two aspects will be considered in this regard: 1) enhancement in art and 2) through art. 1) The extent to which artistic depictions and public information and perceptions of enhancement may be intertwined will be illustrated by two examples where both texts and their accompanying paratexts had a particular bearing on the public debate on enhancement: the film Gattaca of 1997 and the novel Never let me go (2005) by Nobel laureate Kazuo Ishiguro. 2) The second part of the paper is dedicated to the question of how far enhancing selected groups of society may contribute to a greater common good and which potentials art can offer in this regard. Three groups of persons will be taken into account: 1) clinical ethics committees, 2) physicians, and 3) patients.

7

Transhumanism as a Challenge to the Medical Doctor-Patient Relation

70%

Miksa J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica

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2018

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nr 32

47-69

EN

In this paper I undertake to analyze the way in which the arrival of HETs may influence the therapeutic relationship between the medical doctor and the patient. I begin with presenting he notion of transhumanism, insisting especially on the fact that some of the technologies that can be classified as HETs are already in use. As a result, the traditionally difficult task of defining health and a disease is becoming even more complicated. This circumstance poses the risk that medical doctors in their relationship with the patient, because of the possibilities offered by new technologies, will oscillate in their professional practice between helping the patient to recover and satisfying needs that are not justified by the considerations of health. I will try to show how the therapeutic relationship between the medical doctor and the patient may be transformed because of new technologies by using the example of IVF procedure applied to postmenopausal patients. In order to understand why the relationship between the medical doctors and their patients is so vulnerable in the context of transhumanism, I propose to re-analyze the most basic notions which help us understand the nature of the therapeutic relationship: the status of medicine as contrasted with technology, basic principles of medical ethics, the notion of a disease and an illness.

8

The Doctrine of Double Effect and Medical Ethics: A New Formulation

70%

Sharifzadeh R.

Ethics in Progress

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2022

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tom 13

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nr 2

42-56

EN

The standard version of the doctrine of double effect, a significant doctrine in applied ethics particularly medical ethics, not only fails to capture some morally significant components of Aquinas’ view, but it does not resort to proper complementary features in order to accommodate the doctrine to our moral intuitions. We attempt to offer a new formulation of the doctrine incorporating the main components of Aquinas’ view and also to extend the view using some complementary features. We will examine the strength of the formulation applying it into some ethically controversial situations, mainly in medical ethics.

9

Conscientious objection and European vision of human rights

70%

Nawrot O.

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2016

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tom 6(1)

150-157

EN

The development of biomedical sciences and techniques, despite the undeniable positives, brings with it new threats, also for human rights and democratic society. The most serious concern is possibility of modification of the biological nature of human beings –which might entail limitations of human freedom. The modification of the human genome, brain and mind control, mechanization of human body, creating digital copies of human beings are now the most widely discussed threats , for human rights and the rule of law. Aside to the mentioned risks directly related to the development of biomedical technologies, the subject of much controversy is the relationships between the beneficiaries of progress in biomedicine (patients), and those who provide defined benefit plans (primarily physicians). The question is whether the physician is obliged to provide every medical service or may refuse to provide those which are opposed to his ethical judgements? The problem of the status of conscientious objection arises in above mentioned context. This paper presents the issue of conscientious objection from the perspective of the Council of Europe regulations.

10

Wymaganie obecności na zajęciach w czasie choroby jako przykład ukrytego programu studiowania medycyny

70%

Kaczmarek E. , Makowska M.

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tom 23

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nr 1

67-81

EN

Considering medical students’ experiences gives insights into aspects of their education and socialization to the medical profession that are not visible from official curricula. This article presents the results of a multi-thread focus group study involving medical students studying at three Polish medical universities. The aims of the article are: 1) to describe the surveyed students’ experiences regarding difficulties associated with missing classes and justifying their absence, and; 2) to confront these experiences with their universities’ policies and professional ethics demands that require the development of pro-health attitudes. The practices described by the respondents are considered to constitute an example of a “hidden curriculum”, i.e. the shaping of students’ attitudes not through officially taught content, but, rather, through widespread customs in a given institution. The conclusion is that the medical students’ experiences are inconsistent with Polish law and the regulations of their universities. The described practices also seem to be inconsistent with Article 71 of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics, which prohibits doctors from promoting anti-health attitudes.

11

Aspects of the philosophical analysis of the concept of human dignity

70%

Fischer M.-L. , Link P.-C.

Medicina Internacia Revuo

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2017

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tom 28

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nr 108

163-175

EN

The following article is based on a discussion of the concept of dignity, Both, the criticism and the different concepts will be discussed. If the concept of human dignity should not only replace an empty formula, human dignity has to be analysed with regards to content. Based on the more detailed analysis it is proved that human dignity is interpreted and used in different ways. It is not only valid for the relationship between the nation and the citizens, which is the original reason why it is arranged at the beginning of the fundamental rights, but also indirectly for the relationship of the citizens among themselves. The human being is endowed with reason and conscience and therefore a morally responsible subject – a person. For this reason human dignity is bestowed on human. Afterwards it will be considered whether all human own dignity or if it depends on belongings of certain characteristics.

12

Increasing organizational culture and ethics in healthcare organizations

60%

Forgon T.

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2018

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tom z. 122

43--49

EN

As a historical excursion suggests in terms of medical ethics and health care, we can only confirm that healthcare occupies a prominent place in every society. In the modern era, this care is reported in the form of organized care and through specialized health institutions. Although they also fulfill an important ethical mission, their activity is often perceived rather in an economic sense than socio-humane, although this aspect still resonates and is also expected from citizens and society.

13

Thomas Aquinas and Recent Questions about Human Dignity

60%

Guyette F.

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2013

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nr 38

113-127

EN

What is the status of human dignity in bioethics today? Ruth Macklin, Steven Pinker, and Peter Singer are among those who argue that “human dignity” is incoherent rhetoric, improperly smuggled into public discourse by religious people who are opposed to moral autonomy and want to block progress in cutting-edge medical research. In the moral philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, however, dignity is broader and deeper than its critics claim. It cannot simply be replaced by the concept of “autonomy.” Dignity plays a crucial role in building respect for human life. We first discover the dignity of “the other” in the context of family life, and discussion of the common good would be impoverished if we were somehow to eliminate it from our moral vocabulary. The respect we owe to human life in its embryonic stages serves as a paradigmatic case that shows the crucial importance of dignity.

14

Etyka lekarska, etyka medyczna i bioetyka. Próba metodologicznego rozróżnienia

60%

Wróbel J.

Roczniki Teologii Moralnej

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2012

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tom 4

169-193

EN

In everyday language, in popular science texts and in some research publications, the disciplines of medical ethics, meta-medical ethics and bioethics are used interchangeably. These three concepts are closely related, but each of the above-mentioned disciplines is autonomous. Medical ethics deals with an ethical reflection on the medical doctors’ practice, which is mostly therapeutic in nature, and which mostly confines itself to reacting to medical symptoms. Meta-medical ethics is such a reflection on medical practice that relies on complex methods and means, engages teams of doctors and is based on a vast repository of medical research, production resources as well as on the social and political background. It is predominantly causal in character. Bioethics (sometimes justly referred to as biomedical ethics) came into being as a reaction to the rise of biomedicine, whose main function is body tuning. It reaches far beyond the traditional subject matter of the medical and the meta-medical practices – that is treatment in order to protect human health and life. It reaches the sphere of the processes that underlie human life and tries to influence these processes (biomedicine, life medicine, life processes medicine). It often happens that biomedicine relies on the top-notch advances in biotechnology. Hence, in the precise methodological sense, the subject matter of bioethics expands the realm of traditional medical human actions and practices. Consequently, the medical ethics retains its status, despite the rise of the meta-medical ethics, and the rise of bioethics changes nothing in the actual status of the former two disciplines. What they all share, however, is that they are irrevocable, and that they are based on the same values that underlie the moral evaluation of the relevant actions and practices.

15

The Doctrine of Double Effect: An Aid in Decision-Making

60%

Dancák P.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2020

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tom 18

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nr 3

19-28

RU

Human society of the modern world, which is greatly affected by technological and economic advancements, has to address moral problems with a new urgency. In many instances, the decision does not bring only positive effects. Such cases can be found in applied ethics: bio-medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics, but also in other areas of human activity, too, most recently, in debates, concerning the use of autonomous vehicles or autonomous machines in general. This paper aims to describe and explain the principle of ‘double effect’, when solving complicated and, from the perspective of morality, profoundly dilemmatic situations. The principle of double effect was gradually developed as a means of seeking the right moral decisions. It has a firm and respected position within Catholic medical ethics, but also in secular legislation. The paper presents current thought experiments, which clarify moral decision-making in dilemmatic situations. What seems to be a shortcoming here, is that ethical thought experiments are far too abstract. On the one hand, they refine our knowledge, but on the other hand, they are very partial. The evolution of medical imaging methods, has enabled us to take a closer look at the relationship between the deontological and utilitarian approaches to making moral judgments, but it does not relieve us of our responsibility for the decisions that we have made. The positive side of the principle of double effect, is that it protects us from the slippery slope of utilitarian consequentialism, where the admission of a lesser evil, is only a step away from committing evil in the name of the greater good.

PL

Współczesne społeczeństwa, będące pod ogromnym wpływem postępu technologicznego i gospodarczego, muszą poważnie traktować różnego rodzaju problemy moralne. W wielu przypadkach podejmowane przez ludzi decyzje przynoszą efekty nie tylko pozytywne. Analizą takich sytuacji zajmuje się etyka stosowana: etyka biomedyczna, etyka biznesu, etyka prawna. Podobne przypadki można także spotkać w dyskusjach dotyczących m.in. wykorzystania pojazdów i maszyn autonomicznych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest opisanie i wyjaśnienie zasady podwójnego skutku w kontekście rozwiązywania skomplikowanych sytuacji moralnych z etycznego punktu widzenia. Zasada podwójnego skutku była stopniowo rozwijana jako środek poszukiwania właściwych decyzji moralnych. Posiada ona mocną i uznaną pozycję w katolickiej etyce lekarskiej, ale także w świeckim ustawodawstwie. Artykuł przedstawia aktualne eksperymenty myślowe, które wyjaśniają podejmowanie decyzji moralnych w skomplikowanych sytuacjach. Wydaje się, że współczesne etyczne eksperymenty myślowe są zbyt abstrakcyjne. Z jednej strony, udoskonalają naszą wiedzę, z drugiej – są bardzo stronnicze. Ewolucja metod obrazowania medycznego umożliwiła nam bliższe przyjrzenie się związkom między deontologicznym i utylitarnym podejściem do wydawania sądów moralnych, ale nie zwalnia nas z odpowiedzialności za podjęte przez nas decyzje. Pozytywną stroną zasady podwójnego skutku jest to, że chroni nas ona przed śliskim zboczem konsekwencjalizmu utylitarnego, w którym przyznanie się do mniejszego zła jest tylko krokiem od popełnienia zła w imię większego dobra.

16

KRYTYKA STANOWISKA KOMITETU BIOETYKI PRZY PREZYDIUM PAN W SPRAWIE KLAUZULI SUMIENIA W OPIECE ZDROWOTNEJ

60%

Jaranowski P. , Pankiewicz O.

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nr 2

59-66

EN

This paper presents a critique of PAN Presidium Bioethics Committee (BC) position on conscience clause from 12 november 2013. We argue here that BC conceptions are based on a reductionist philosophy, which foundations are foreign to hipocratic medical ethics. Simultaneously we remind physicians obligations steming from the nature of patient-doctor relation, separating them from ignoble, extraneous ones. Furthermore, we outline a split between BC argumentation and laws ethical principles all together with contemporary medical knowledge We show that the resolution of conflicts surrounding the conscience clause in reproductive medicine lies not in restraint, but in recognition of dignity and right to life of the sick, also prior to birth. Concluding point given is a negative assessment of the BC position, viewed as devoted not to medical ethics, but merely to executing contracts in public health services so that they can serve any goal.

PL

Artykuł stanowi krytyczną analizę stanowiska Komitetu Bioetyki przy Prezydium PAN (dalej KB) z dnia 12 listopada 2013 roku w sprawie klauzuli sumienia. Dowodzimy w nim, że podstawę wnioskowania KB stanowi filozofia redukcjonistyczna, której założenia są obce hipokratesowej etyce lekarskiej. Przypominamy jednocześnie obowiązki lekarza wynikające z natury jego relacji z pacjentem, oddzielając od nich niegodziwe, narzucane z zewnątrz cele medycyny. Wykazujemy dalej oderwanie argumentacji KB od podstaw etycznych prawa i współczesnej wiedzy medycznej. Udowadniamy, że rozwiązaniem konfliktów wokół klauzuli sumienia w medycynie reprodukcyjnej nie jest jej ograniczanie, lecz uznanie godności i prawa do życia człowieka chorego również przed urodzeniem. Wnioskiem pracy jest negatywna ocena stanowiska KB jako dokumentu poświęconego nie etyce lekarskiej, lecz przekształcaniu służby zdrowia w dowolny kontrakt z publicznym płatnikiem.

17

Bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne dziecka

60%

Maciejewski R. , Pawlikowski J.

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tom 12

|

nr 1

169-176

EN

Respect for the good of the patient especially the child. and acting in his best interest was always a fundamental principle in medicine. This fundamental ethical norm in medical practice is expressed in the Latin saying salus aegroti suprema lex esto, meaning the good of the patient shall be the most important law. The good of the patient may include physical, psychological as well as spiritual wellbeing. The human person is a whole, body and soul, so medical practice must focus on the good of the whole person and not just on body parts or diseases. Nowadays we have to remember that medicine based not on the conscience but on the law, may seamlessly become an element of the totalitarian system.

PL

Poszanowanie dobra każdego pacjenta, zwłaszcza dziecka, i działanie w jego najlepszym interesie było od zawsze zasadą medycyny. Ta podstawowa norma etyczna w praktyce medycznej wyraża się przez łacińskie powiedzenie salus aegroti suprema lex esto, co oznacza, że dobro pacjenta jest najważniejszym prawem. Dobro pacjenta jest głównym celem medycyny. Dobro dziecka obejmuje dobre samopoczucie fizyczne, psychiczne i prawo do zgodnego z naturą rozwoju duchowego. Osoba ludzka jest całością, ciałem i duszą, więc praktyka medyczna musi skupiać się na dobru całej osoby, a nie tylko na leczeniu. Obecnie największym zagrożeniem dla bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego dzieci nie są choroby, ale ze względu na powszechność zjawiska – wszelkiego rodzaju uzależnienia, a także burzenie naturalnego rozwoju emocjonalnego i premiowanie relatywizmu moralnego. Musi to, wcześniej czy później prowadzić do rozchwiania równowagi psychofizycznej z trudnymi obecnie do oszacowania, ale na pewno ogromnymi konsekwencjami zdrowotnymi.

18

Bioetyka. Jej historia i sposoby ujmowania

60%

Bołoz W.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2003

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tom 1

|

nr 1

161-175

EN

Bioethics is a new scientific branch created over 30 years ago, connecting natural sciences (biology, medicine) with the science of morals in human conduct. (ethics). Bioethics started to grow in the area of ecology, therefore primarily it appeared as a discipline of environmental protection and preservation of the ecosystem (environmental ethics). Later the matter of dispute became limited to problems related to human health and its promotion (medical ethics). However, these problems are closely related to plant preservation and animal life protection. The practice in bioethics is faced with difficulties related to the interdisciplinary character of this branch and the axiological pluralism of the modern world. In consequence, in the area of bioethics most important become human being respect and human rights as touchstones universally accepted in social life practice and international law. A favorable fact is that the European Union has recognized and accepted these values as its own cultural identity constituents.

19

(Eco)Ethical Issues in Organizations Including Healthcare Facilities

51%

Myszograj M.

|

2022

|

tom Vol. 32, no. 3

240--247

EN

Ethics issues are present in the daily life of every human being. This paper presents an overview of difficult, yet everyday ethics dilemmas, and general rules and tools helping in making ethical choices. These tools are: distinguishing facts from values, reasoning from principles, defining terms and clarifying concepts, comparing cases, thought experiments, logic, and recognizing and avoiding errors in reasoning. But ethical issues also appear on a bigger scale in every social group, including organizations. The paper contains a literature review and an analysis of it applied to the present day. The analysis includes topics of medical ethics, business ethics and ecoethics, and was conducted according to the basic tools used in ethical problem solving. There are also discussions about a key condition for performing ethical analysis, that is, the distinction between ethics and morality. An ethical solution is dictated by logical principles and based on facts, while respecting the tools of ethical reasoning. In contrast, accepted values are also taken into account when interpreting events morally.

20

Etyka hipokratejska wobec innych nurtów etyki medycznej

51%

Biesaga T.

Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe

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2019

|

tom 40

|

nr 2

39-50

EN

Współcześnie etyka medyczna rozwija się pod wpływem różnych nurtów filozoficznych. Spośród ważniejszych opracowań tej etyki wyróżniają się trzy następujące propozycje: (1) etyka dobra pacjenta związana z etyką cnót zaproponowana przez amerykańskiego lekarza Edmunda D. Pellegrino, (2) etyka czterech zasad Toma Beauchampa i Jamesa Childressa zwana pryncypizmem oraz (3) etyka kontraktualistyczna umowy społecznej Roberta M. Veatcha. To, co je łączy to fakt, że zostały one wypracowane przez lekarzy, filozofów i naukowców tego samego ośrodka bioetycznego w USA, czyli Instytutu Etyki Kennedych na Uniwersytecie Georgetown w Waszyngtonie. Tym, co je różni, są założenia filozoficzne, świadomie i nieświadomie przyjęte przez ich twórców u podstaw owych systemów etycznych. W artykule nie chodzi tylko o przywołanie mocnych i słabych stron wymienionych trzech propozycji etyki medycznej oraz o ujawnienie, która z nich jest bliska etyce Hipokratesa, ale o odpowiedź na pytanie czy etyka hipokratejska jest jeszcze aktualna? Chodzi również o odpowiedź na drugie pytanie, czy etykę medyczną można rozwijać pomijając filozofię człowieka oraz metafizykę wraz z filozofią Boga? Artykuł na pierwsze pytanie odpowiada pozytywnie, wskazując co należy w etyce hipokratejskiej zmienić i co rozwinąć. Natomiast na drugie pytanie odpowiada negatywnie twierdząc, że budowanie etyki medycznej bez podstaw metafizycznych i antropologicznych, nie spełnia kryteriów etyki uzasadnionej filozoficznie.