Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Środki dymotwórcze maskujące w podczerwieni

100%

Zygmunt B. , Szabra D. , Świderski W. , Bombol Z. , Moszczyński G.

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2004

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tom R. 33, z. 89

193--201

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono analizę zdolności maskowania w podczerwieni przez różne rodzaje mieszanin dymotwórczych oraz możliwości wykorzystania tych właściwości do konstrukcji nowych środków dymotwórczych.

EN

The analysis of camouflage efficience by different types of obscurant compositions and possibilities of their exploitation for the designing of new obscurants is presented in the paper.

2

Poligonowe badania skuteczności maskowania radiolokacyjnego samochodu rozpoznania pola walki

100%

Szugajew L.

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2004

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tom R. 33, z. 91

95--104

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę oraz wyniki badań poligonowych skuteczności maskowania samochodu rozpoznania pola walki ŻBIK-2A, pokrytego absorberem mikrofalowym typu powłoka malarska.

EN

A method and field test results of camouflage effectiveness for the ŻBIK-2A combat field reconnaissance vehicle that was covered by a painted microwave absorber are presented in the paper.

3

Source enhanced linear prediction of speech incorporating simultaneously masked spectral weighting

100%

Lukasiak J. , Burnett I. S.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2001

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tom nr 3

15-23

EN

Linear prediction is the cornerstone of most modern speech compression algorithms. This paper proposes modifying the calculation of the linear predictor coefficients to incorporate a weighting function based on the simultaneous masking property of the ear. The resultant prediction filter better models the perceptual characteristics of the source and results in the removal of more perceptually important information from the input speech signal than a standard LP filter. When employed in a low rate speech codec the net effect is an improvement in subjective quality, with no increase in transmission rate and only a modest increase in computational complexity.

4

Eesti jouluaja sanditajad

100%

Tedre U.

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tom 61

19-68

EN

Article discusses Estonian mumming traditions at Christmastime: their spread, age and gender of the participants, costumes and masking, communication between the hosting family and the mummers, and the gifts given to the mummers.

5

Effects of Low- and High-Frequency Side Bands of Notched Noise on Masking and Auditory Filter Shape at Very High Frequencies

100%

Kordus M. , Kowalewski B.

Archives of Acoustics

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2015

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tom Vol. 40, No. 3

329--336

EN

This paper is concerned with the determination of the auditory filter shape using the notched noise method with noise bands symmetrically located above and below a probe frequency of 10 kHz. Unlike in the classical experiments conducted with the use of Patterson method the levels as well as power spectrum densities of the lower and upper component bands of the notched noise masker were not the same and were set such as to produce the same amount of masking at the 10-kHz frequency. The experiment consisted of three conditions in which the following values were determined: (I) the detection threshold for a 10-kHz probe tone in the presence of a noise masker presented below the tone’s frequency; (II) the level of a noise masker presented above the 10-kHz probe tone frequency, at which the masker just masked the probe tone, (III) the detection threshold for a probe tone in the presence of a notched-noise masker. The data show a considerable amount of variability across the subjects, however, the resulting frequency characteristics of the auditory filters are consistent with those presented in the literature so that the Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth is less than 11% of their centre frequency.

6

CMR & MDI - the Multifaced Effects

100%

Jorasz U.

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2002

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tom Vol. 23

187-192

EN

The knowledge about the factors that determine the producing CMR & MDI can be useful in claryfying the important problems in contemporary psychoacoustics. In this paper these connection are reviewed i turn.

7

Top-down contingent feature-specific orienting with and without awareness of the visual input

100%

Ansorge U. , Horstmann G. , Scharlau I.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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2011

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tom 7

108-119

EN

In the present article, the role of endogenous feature-specific orienting for conscious and unconscious vision is reviewed. We start with an overview of orienting. We proceed with a review of masking research, and the definition of the criteria of experimental protocols that demonstrate endogenous and exogenous orienting, respectively. Against this background of criteria, we assess studies of unconscious orienting and come to the conclusion that so far studies of unconscious orienting demonstrated endogenous feature-specific orienting. The review closes with a discussion of the role of unconscious orienting in action control.

8

An analysis of visual masking, with a defense of 'Stopped Processing'

100%

Reeves A.

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2007

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

57-65

EN

The use of a backward mask (a patterned mask which follows the target in time) to 'stop the processing' of the target illustrates an important application of masking - the study of the 'microgenesis' of visual perception, that is, visual processing over about the first one-fifth of a second. This paper provides evidence for stopped processing and some applications of this to object recognition and letter detection. The paper also discusses the notion of an 'active filter' which may help to account for Type-A masking but at best can only account for Type-B masking in part. I conclude that masking, while illuminating various areas of vision science, is under-utilized, perhaps because the theoretical justification for such masking is still uncertain, and perhaps because of the care needed to establish that the mask does indeed 'stop' processing.

9

Visual masking: past accomplishments, present status, future developments

100%

Breitmeyer B.

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2007

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

9-20

EN

Visual masking, throughout its history, has been used as an investigative tool in exploring the temporal dynamics of visual perception, beginning with retinal processes and ending in cortical processes concerned with the conscious registration of stimuli. However, visual masking also has been a phenomenon deemed worthy of study in its own right. Most of the recent uses of visual masking have focused on the study of central processes, particularly those involved in feature, object and scene representations, in attentional control mechanisms, and in phenomenal awareness. In recent years our understanding of the phenomenon and cortical mechanisms of visual masking also has benefited from several brain imaging techniques and from a number of sophisticated and neurophysiologically plausible neural network models. Key issues and problems are discussed with the aim of guiding future empirical and theoretical research.

10

Binaural masking of amplitude modulation

100%

Kordus M. , Sęk A. , Kociński J.

Archives of Acoustics

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2005

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tom Vol. 30, No. 1

5-17

EN

A new concept concerned with the transformation of acoustic stimuli in the auditory system postulates the existence of a form of spectral analysis applied to the amplitude changes of the stimuli. It is assumed that this analysis takes place in the so-called modulation filters, i.e. bandpass linear filters tuned to different rates of the amplitude changes. The most striking argument supporting this idea is an effect of masking in the amplitude modulation domain whose nature can be easily explained basing on this concept. As the modulation filters are situated on the higher levels of the auditory system, it is also assumed that this form of masking is entirely a central process. However, most of the studies concerned with masking in the modulation domain used monaural listening only. Therefore, the main purpose of the presented here experiments was to investigate whether this type of masking is entirely a central process. Using a Three-Alternative Forced-Choice (3AFC) procedure the binaural and monaural masked thresholds of amplitude modulation were determined. A sinusoidal carrier at a frequency of 4 kHz was amplitude modulated by a specially designed band of noise characterized by a very low value of the crest factor, which was used as a masking signals. Different bandwidths of the modulating masking signals were used as well as different center frequencies to investigate whether the masking patterns in the modulation domain depend on the masker bandwidth and its center frequency. The modulating target (masked) signal was a pure tone at a frequency range from 2 to 256 Hz. Both modulating signals were applied to the same sinusoidal carrier signal. The most effective masking was noticed when the rate of the sinusoidal modulation was close to the center frequency of the masking signal or when it was in its spectral range and decreased outside of this range. The character of this dependence confirms the existence of some form of a frequency selectivity in the modulation rate domain similarly to the audible frequency domain. The thresholds for monaural and binaural listening were very close to each other. This implies that masking in the modulation domain is a central process.

11

Indirect complexometric determination of mercury(II) using sodium chloride as selective masking agent

100%

Nazareth R. A. , Sreekumar N. V. , Narayana B.

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tom Vol. 47, No. 4

645-649

EN

A simple and accurate complexometric method is proposed for the determination of mer-cury(II) using sodium chloride as the selective masking agent in the presence of diverse metal ions and anions. Mercury(Il) is first complexed with a known excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is then titrated with standard zinc sulfate at pH 5.0-6.0 (hexamine) using xylenol orange as the indicator. An excess of 10% sodium chloride is then added and the released EDTA is titrated with zinc sulfate solution. The method works well in the range from 2 to 235 mg of mercury(ll) with relative error š0.45% and standard deviation <0.90 mg. The method is applied for the determination of mercury in its alloys.

PL

Zaproponowano prostą i dokładną metodę kompleksometrycznego oznaczania rtęci(II) w obecności różnych jonów metali i anionów, stosując chlorek sodu jako czynnik maskujący. Rtęć(II) najpierw kompleksuje się za pomocą znanego nadmiaru EDTA, a następnie pozostały EDTA odmiareczkowuje się mianowanym roztworem siarczanu cynku przy pH 5.0-6.0 (buforheksametylenotetraaminowy), wobecoranżu ksylenolowegojako wskaźnika. Po dodaniu nadmiaru 10% roztworu chlorku sodu uwolniony EDTA miareczkuje się roztworem siarczanu cynku. Metoda dobrze się spisuje w zakresie 2-235 mg Hg(II), przy czym błąd względny wynosi š0.45%, a odchylenie standardowe<0.90 mg. Metodę zastosowano do oznaczania rtęci w jej stopach.

12

Czołgowy granat dymny GM-81 - nowe możliwości maskowania w podczerwieni

100%

Zygmunt B. , Świderski W. , Szabra D.

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tom R. 34, z. 94

127--133

PL

W artykule przedstawiono nowoopracowany czołgowy granat dymny GM-81 z rozszerzonym pasmem przysłaniania w zakresie podczerwieni. Nowy granat jest wynikiem Projektu Celowego realizowanego w Wojskowym Instytucie Technicznym Uzbrojenia.

EN

A new developed tank smoke grenade GM-81 with extended infrared blocking band is presented in the paper. The development was carried out in the Military Institute of Armament Technology as the Objective Project.

13

Talsipuhade sanditamised ja maskid bessermanide tanapaevases kalendrikombestikus

88%

Popova J.

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2014

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tom 57

91-114

EN

The article gives an overview of the current customs and masking in the ethnic group of Bessermens at talsipühad (old name for Christmas). The author discusses the changes that have taken place in masking traditions as well as the importance of rituals in today’s village community. Attention is focused on mythological images of talsi spirits, restrictions related to space and time, preferences during holidays, peculiarities of masking, ritual cuisine and etiquette. In recent years the traditional customs and their elements have started to take root in today’s holiday culture; yet, a parallel development of some processes can be observed here: modern culture actively influences the archaic elements and their evolution.

14

Visual masking by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the first 80 milliseconds

88%

Kammer T.

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2007

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

177-179

EN

Stimulation of the occipital cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMs) can interfere with visual processing and may cause masking comparable to visual masking. The effect is most pronounced when the TMS pulse is delivered with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 80-100 ms. In a few experiments a second time window of TMS-induced visual masking has been identified with its maximum around an SOA of 40 ms. The existence of two masking windows has been taken as evidence for two distinct visual processes taking place in V1: an early feedforward component and a later re-entrant feedback component. The evidence for the existence of two separate TMS time windows is reviewed. The early time window was not reproducible in all the attempts to characterize TMs masking effects. Interindividual anatomical differences in the location of V1 might contribute to the heterogeneous results.

15

88%

Enns J. , Oriet C.

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2007

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

211-226

EN

Cognitive scientists use rapid image sequences to study both the emergence of conscious perception (visual masking) and the unconscious processes involved in response preparation (masked priming). The present study asked two questions: (1) Does image similarity influence masking and priming in the same way? (2) Are similarity effects in both tasks governed by the extent of feature overlap in the images or only by task-relevant features? Participants in Experiment 1 classified human faces using a single dimension even though the faces varied in three dimensions (emotion, race, sex). Abstract geometric shapes and colors were tested in the same way in Experiment 2. Results showed that similarityreducedthe visibility of the target in the masking task andincreasedresponse speed in the priming task, pointing to a double-dissociation between the two tasks. Results also showed that only task-relevant (not objective) similarity influenced masking and priming, implying that both tasks are influenced from the beginning by intentions of the participant. These findings are interpreted within the framework of a reentrant theory of visual perception. They imply that intentions can influence object formation prior to the separation of vision for perception and vision for action.

16

Disentangling neural processing of masked and masking stimulus by means of event-related contralateral — ipsilateral differences of EEG potentials

75%

Verleger R. , Jaśkowski P.

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2007

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

193-210

EN

In spite of the excellent temporal resolution of event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), the overlapping potentials evoked by masked and masking stimuli are hard to disentangle. However, when both masked and masking stimuli consist of pairs of relevant and irrelevant stimuli, one left and one right from fixation, with the side of the relevant element varying between pairs, effects of masked and masking stimuli can be distinguished by means of the contralateral preponderance of the potentials evoked by the relevant elements, because the relevant elements may independently change sides in masked and masking stimuli. Based on a reanalysis of data from which only selected contralateral-ipsilateral effects had been previously published, the present contribution will provide a more complete picture of the ERP effects in a masked-priming task. Indeed, effects evoked by masked primes and masking targets heavily overlapped in conventional ERPs and could be disentangled to a certain degree by contralateral-ipsilateral differences. Their major component, the N2pc, is interpreted as indicating preferential processing of stimuli matching the target template, which process can neither be identified with conscious perception nor with shifts of spatial attention. The measurements showed that the triggering of response preparation by the masked stimuli did not depend on their discriminability, and their priming effects on the processing of the following target stimuli were qualitatively different for stimulus identification and for response preparation. These results provide another piece of evidence for the independence of motor-related and perception-related effects of masked stimuli.

17

Measuring unconscious cognition: Beyond the zero-awareness criterion

75%

Schmidt T.

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2007

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

275-287

EN

Visual masking can be employed to manipulate observers' awareness of critical stimuli in studies of masked priming. This paper discusses two different lines of attack for establishing unconscious cognition in such experiments. Firstly,simple dissociationsbetweendirect measures (D)of visual awareness andindirect measures (I)of processing per se occur when I has some nonzero value whileDis at chance level; the traditional requirement of zero awareness is necessary for this criterion only. In contrast,double dissociationsoccur when some experimental manipulation has opposite effects on I andD, for instance, increasing priming effects despite decreasing prime identification performance (Schmidt & Vorberg, 2006). Double dissociations require much weaker measurement assumptions than other criteria. An attractive alternative to this dissociation approach would be to use tasks that are known to violatenecessary conditionsof visual awareness altogether. In particular, it is argued here that priming effects in speeded pointing movements (Schmidt, Niehaus, & Nagel, 2006) occur in the absence of the recurrent processing that is often assumed to be a necessary condition for awareness (for instance, DiLollo, Enns, & Rensink, 2000; Lamme & Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward tasks such as this might thus be used to measure the time-course of unconscious processing directly, before intracortical feedback and awareness come into play.

18

Binding binding: Departure points for a different version of the perceptual retouch theory

75%

Bachmann T.

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2007

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

41-55

EN

In the perceptual retouch theory, masking and related microgenetic phenomena were explained as a result of interaction between specific cortical representational systems and the non-specific sub-cortical modulation system. Masking appears as deprivation of sufficient modulation of the consciousness mechanism suffered by the target-specific signals because of the temporal delay of non-specific modulation (necessary for conscious representation), which explicates the later-coming mask information instead of the already decayed target information. The core of the model envisaged relative magnitudes of EPSPs of single cortical cells driven by target and mask signals at the moment when the nonspecific, presynaptic, excitatory input arrives from the thalamus. In the light of the current evidence about the importance of synchronised activity of specific and non-specific systems in generating consciousness, the retouch theory requires perhaps a different view. This article presents some premises for modification of the retouch theory, where instead of the cumulative presynaptic spike activities and EPSPs of single cells, the oscillatory activity in the gamma range of the participating systems is considered and shown to be consistent with the basic ideas of the retouch theory. In this conceptualisation, O-binding refers to specific encoding which is based on gamma-band synchronised oscillations in the activity of specific cortical sensory modules that represent features and objects; C-binding refers to the gamma-band oscillations in the activity of the non-specific thalamic systems, which is necessary for the O-binding based data to become consciously experienced.

19

Ultradźwiękowy moduł antymaskingu dla czujek ruchu

75%

Żółtowski P. , Galla S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

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2011

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tom Nr 30

139-142

PL

Przedstawiono podstawowe założenia, jakie powinien spełniać moduł funkcji antymaskingu, stosowany wraz z czujnikami ruchu opartymi o technologię PIR, umożliwiający spełnienie podstawowych wymagań zawartych w normach serii EN50131. W oparciu o wymagania, stworzono układ spełniający wszystkie wymagania zawarte w normach i dostosowano go do zainstalowania w istniejących obudowach czujek. W pracy przybliżone zostaną podstawy teoretyczne zjawisk wykorzystywanych do wykrywania zamaskowania czujnika ruchu (PIR) oraz omówione zostaną podstawowe procesy i kryteria doboru układu antymaskingu opartego o pasywne czujki ultradźwiękowe. Przedstawione zostaną uzyskane wyniki badań wykrywania typowych metod maskowania czujników.

EN

The basic assumptions to be met by anti-masking function module, used with motion sensors PIR-based technology that enables the fulfillment of basic requirements of the EN50131 series of standards. Based on the requirements, developed system meets all of the requirements contained in the standards and adapted it to install in existing cabinets detectors. The work, will approximate the theoretical basis used to detect phenomena masking motion sensor (PIR) and will discuss the basic process and criteria for selection of anti-masking system based active ultrasonic sensors. Presented are the results of research methods to mask the detection of typical sensors.

20

Valgevene voinadal: paiksed tunnused ja hetkeseis

75%

Leshkevich A.

Mäetagused

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2018

|

tom 72

137-152

EN

The article gives an overview of the celebrations held during Maslenitsa (Butter Week, the week before Great Lent) in Belarus, describing local peculiarities and the current situation. In Belarusian calendar-related customs, Maslenitsa stands on the borderline between the winter and spring calendar cycle. The name of the holiday in Belarusian (maslenka) and its variants are derived from the word maslo (butter), which refers to the importance of dairy products in the holiday meals. During Maslenitsa, all Belarusians eat blini and dairy products, go for rides, visit friends, and sing. Local variants of celebrations have been very diverse. The peculiarity of northern Belarus was masking and the symbolic ‘burying’ of winter, carried out mainly by women. The reminiscences recorded in the borderland regions of the Vitebsk, Mogilev, and Minsk oblasts (north-eastern part of Belarus) describe the honouring of young families and midwives, as well as processions related to these events, marking of young bachelors, swinging, and singing Easter songs – the entire diversity of Maslenitsa. The eastern part of Belarus featured the burning of straw dummies during Maslenitsa, and in the south a characteristic ritual was calling the spring, for which bird-shaped cookies were baked. Swinging is also classified as a spring ritual, which was known mainly in the northern part of Belarus. The most peculiar feature of Maslenitsa in western Belarus was the so-called women’s rituals. Archaic motifs have survived in the customs of Maslenitsa until today, although in Belarusian cities not local traditions but rather those rooted in Russian cultural heritage are maintained – the ones that were disseminated in the mass media and methodological guidelines for cultural workers of the 1950s–1960s in the republics of the Soviet Union. Most of the rituals have lost their magic meaning, yet Maslenitsa has preserved its inherent playfulness, world perception characteristic of holidays, energy, and activeness.