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Maritime piracy and maritime terrorism

100%

Ratkowska A.

nr 2(184)

37-65

The piracy possesses very long history and for some time has been recognized as a crime of the past. The renewed of its occurrence threatened to the international commerce and maritime safety. Illegal activities at sea can be divided in two groups: piratical activities and armed robbery at sea and acts of terrorism. International law has not one unified definition of the piracy. General frames helpful in defining are established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which however by instituting conditions „for private ends” and „on the high seas”, restricts its use. Illegal acts of violence with relation to the ship, outside the high sea are defined by the International Maritime Organization, as armed robbery at sea to which the universal jurisdiction, is not in force. The key element that allows differentiating the piracy and the terrorism at sea is the motive. Pirates make it for the profit, and sea-terrorists are to gain, so called, the effect of the theatre. It should be noted that states directly subject by piratical attacks are rather reluctant to accusing and the sentencing of pirates in national courts in consideration of the complicated legal character of such matters and the necessity of assuring of the suitable standards of human rights. The question stays whether the international law gives sufficient grounds for accusing, sentencing and punishing of captive pirates. Despite of the undertaken activities, pirates often go free because of the lack of legal bases or the political will for sentencing. The present elaboration tries to systematize the definition of the widely understood piracy and describes mainstreams of activities undertaken by the international community, targeting the fight with this problem

Zagrożenia i wsparcie bezpieczeństwa portów

84%

Stolarczyk C.

tom nr 12

1145--1153, CD

Terroryzm morski, piractwo, akcje sabotażowe na obiekty portowe, statki, ich siła uderzeniowa oraz użyte w trakcie ataku narzędzia definiują formy obrony. Do tych form należą uzbrojone formacje np. prywatne firmy wojskowe, których zdolności operacyjne powinny być podtrzymywane. W celach szkoleniowych niezbędna jest infrastruktura strzelecka oraz treningowa, która dzięki zlokalizowaniu w miastach portowych ograniczy czas, koszty przeprowadzenia szkoleń, zintegruje środowisko osób odpowiedzialnych za bezpieczeństwo portów, przygotuje nowe kadry ochrony, wesprze ekonomicznie lokalnych przedsiębiorców.

Maritime terrorism, piracy, sabotage actions on sports facilities, ships, their impact force and tools used during the attack define defenses. These forms include armed formations, e.g. private military companies, whose operational capabilities should be sustained. For training purposes, there is a need for shooting and training infrastructure, which will be located in port cities will reduce the time, costs of training, integrates the environment of persons responsible for port security, prepares new security personnel, and supports economically local entrepreneurs.