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1
Content available Dematerialisation of bills of lading using blockchain from the legal perspective
100%
Ratajczak O.
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2022
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tom nr 121
28--40
EN
Dematerialisation of bills of lading is an important topic from the point of view of maritime transport practice. There are many arguments in favour of dematerialisation, such as simplification and acceleration of trade. Over the years, many attempts have been made to dematerialise bills of lading using EDI systems. All of them were found to be lacking. It was not until the spread of blockchain technology that adequate tools were found. The blockchain makes it possible to meet the requirement of singularity which was haunting the EDI systems. With the introduction of proper provisions of law and if the maritime transport industry could agree on a mutually compatible standard, blockchain-based bills of lading could successfully replace paper bills of lading.
2
Content available remote European Union's Stance on the Rotterdam Rules
100%
Kirval L.
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tom Vol. 6, no. 4
555--562
EN
In today's rapidly globalizing world economy, the importance of maritime transportation is increasing. Today, approximately 80% of the global transportation services is done by the seas. Therefore, the international laws and regulations that outlines the rights and responsibilities/obligations of the carriers and cargo owners is of very high importance for the smooth running of this global maritime transportation system. On the other hand, today, "door to door" and "multimodal" transport is getting widely used. However, during this type of highly complicated transportation, the rules and the applicable laws with regards to rights and obligations of the parties (carriers and cargo owners) greatly vary, and this creates several problems particularly about the carrier's liabilities. For offering solutions to these problems and creating world-wide uniformity about the carrier's and cargo owners' rights and obligations, United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has offered alterations to the current international regulations in force (which are now generally called as Rotterdam rules), and, to this date, more than 20 countries have signed this new international agreement. On the other hand, as is well known, the European Union countries are important players as both carrier and cargo owner countries today, and their perspectives and decisions concerning the approval of the Rotterdam Rules is of very high importance for the future and international applicability of these rules. In this context, this article will first focus on the history and the legal structure of the EU, and then study the European Union's stance on the Rotterdam Rules, the impact of the possible EU legislation preparation on the same areas, and the existent steps that are taken (as well as possible future steps) by the European Commission with regards to alternative legislation creation for the EU seas.
3
Content available remote Maritime Law of Salvage and Adequacy of Laws Protecting the Salvors’ Interest
100%
Lansakara F.
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tom Vol. 6, no. 3
431--435
EN
Under maritime law salvage is encouraged and given priority with respect to salvage awards in many aspects such as maritime liens, leniency on salvors’ negligence, right to limit liability and to the extend of departure from “no cure no pay principle” in the case of unsuccessful salvage but have saved the environ-ment. These laws in favor of salvage affecting the salvors are not straight forward and have been criticized in some cases. This paper discusses the relevant maritime law principles under each circumstances criticism they face and legal remedies available to safeguard the interest of the salvors and access the adequacy of maritime laws pro-tecting the salvors interest.
4
Content available Legal approaches to the problem of pollution of marine environment with plastic
75%
Nyka M.
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tom nr 59 (131)
162--167
EN
Plastic littering has recently become one of the most highly recognized dangers to the marine environment. The problem of marine plastic pollution is not new and was identified more than half a century ago. Recently, however, with increased media coverage and focusing events such as the discovery of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the problem can no longer be ignored. Several legal instruments address this problem. IMO norms aiming to reduce plastic debris were adopted 30 years ago. The MARPOL Convention includes annexes designed to help fight plastic debris. Other maritime legal instruments can also be leveraged to challenge this problem. As with other marine environment problems, the primary source of the problem, and thus the key to addressing it, is located on land. EU directives can serve as an interesting model for reducing marine pollution. The European Commission proposed new EU-wide rules in May, 2018 to target the 10 single-use plastic products most often found in Europe’s coastal habitats, as well as lost and abandoned fishing gear. Together these constitute 70% of all marine litter items. The adoption and implementation of this instrument may represent a game changing approach in the battle against marine pollution.
5
Content available The Concept of Ecosystem Services in Regulation of Human Activity at Sea
63%
Nyka M.
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nr XXXIII
87-104
PL
Koncepcja usług ekosystemowych staje się coraz bardziej popularna w obszarze regulacji ochrony środowiska. jednym z założeń tej koncepcji jest traktowanie człowieka i jego działań jako integralnego elementu ekosystemu. Współzależności pomiędzy człowiekiem a ekosystemem są opisywane przez koncepcję usług ekosystemowych. Obszar prawnej ochrony środowiska morskiego, może być przykładem wprowadzania i funkcjonowania koncepcji usług ekosystemowych i koncepcji pokrewnych do prawnej regulacji środowiska. Bałtyk jest istotny dla rozwoju stosowania koncepcji usług ekosystemowych w regulacji morskiej działalności człowieka z wielu powodów. jednym z nich może być, wrażliwość ekosystemu tego akwenu, innym intensywność korzystania z tego akwenu dla potrzeb pozyskiwania dostępu do usług ekosystemowych, a jeszcze innym liczba ludności bezpośrednio zależnych od dostępu do usług tego systemu. Rozwiązania przyjęte dla regulacji i ochrony dostępu do usług ekosystemowych Morza Bałtyckiego, mogą stanowić model regulacyjny do potencjalnego wykorzystania także w innych rejonach świata.
EN
The concept of ecosystem services becomes more and more popular in regulation of the environmental protection. One of the premises of that concept is treatment of a human and human activity as an integral part of an ecosystem. Interrelations between human activity and ecosystem can be described through the concept of ecosystem services. A certain degree of commodification of natural environment which is immanently connected with the concept of ecosystem services can become useful as a tool of assessing the impact of human activities on ecosystem as well as regulating that impact. Marine protection law is a good example of attempts to introduce the interrelated concepts of ecosystem approach and ecosystem services into functioning of the regulatory schemes.
6
Content available The Concept of Ecosystem Services in Regulation of Human Activity at Sea
51%
Nyka M.
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nr XXXIII
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