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Problematyka krajowych nazw geograficznych w Polsce

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Krauze-Tomczyk I. , Morawska B.

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tom T. 31, nr 3

169-175

PL

W artykule przedstawiono stan prac nad standaryzacją krajowych nazw geograficznych w Polsce. Scharakteryzowano organizacje zajmujące się nazwami geograficznymi, omówiono publikacje z tego zakresu, oceniono opracowanie nazw na mapach topograficznych oraz przedstawiono prowadzone obecnie prace w tej dziedzinie.

EN

The standarization of geographic names is of the enormous importance both in the national and international aspects. In Poland, two boards are involved with place names: Komisja Ustalania Nazw Miejscowości i Obiektów Fizjograficznych (Board on Geographic and Place Names) and Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza granicami Polski (Board on Foreign Geographic Names Standarization). These are advisory boards, and the legal responsibility of gepgraphic name standarization is vested in the appropriate Department. Also, the Państwowa Służba Geodezyjna i Kartograficzna (National Geodetic and Cartographic Service), Służba Topograficzna Wojska Polskiego (Polish Army Topographic Service), Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office) as well as numerous map publishers also deal with the collection of geographic names. The most important lists of approved place names published in Poland after 1945 include: "Wykaz urzędowych nazw miejscowości w Polsce" (List of official place names in Poland) in 3 vols. and recently published national gazetteer entitled "Nazwy geograficzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" (Geographical names of the Republic of Poland). The current state of geographic name standardization is unsatisfactory. It especially refers to names appearing on topographic maps. The number of names to be approved is estimated to be around 1 million. The fact, that the 1:10,000 scale topographic maps had been prepared by cartographers lacking professional experience, did not lead to the satisfactory results. The analysis of the most vital needs concerning the standardization of geographic names leads to a conclusion, that the Geographic Name Information System will be used in two main projects: preparation of new topographic maps and also of a new gazetteer listing officially approved names. In 1994 the Geographic Names Data Bank was organized within the structure of Central Surveying and Cartographic Information Center, Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. It contains ove 160,000 geographic names collected from the original 1:10,000 scale topographic mapping. A new project named Standards - Toponymic Guidelines of Collecting and Standardizing of Geographic Names in Topographic Mapping has been launched.

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Mierz i zapisuj raz, używaj wiele razy

86%

Tomiczak E.

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tom nr 8

20--25

3

Zmiany znaków na XX-wiecznych mapach topograficznych w skali 1:100 000

86%

Kuna J.

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2014

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tom T. 46, nr 1

47--61

PL

Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia zmian zakresu treści wybranych XX-wiecznych map topograficznych w skali 1:100 000 obejmujących Lublin oraz zmian formy graficznej znaków z uwzględnieniem różnic semantycznych i stosowanych zmiennych graficznych.

EN

The 20th century was a time of change in the concept of topographic map design. The article focuses on analysis related to the influence of 20th century technological changes in the graphic form of symbols applied on topographic maps, using maps in the scale of 1:100 000 as examples. The choice of maps was dictated by availability and representativness for the 20th century Polish territory. The following maps presenting the region of Lublin and its surroundings have been analyzed: Karte des westlichen Rufllands by the Prussian Royal Geodesy Service from the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, the tactical map of Poland by the Military Geographical Institute from the 1930s, a topographic map in the "GUGiK-1980" projection from the 1980s and the topographic map of Poland by the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces -the tourist edition from the 1990s (fig. 1). The Prussian map from World War I was printed using lithography. The late maps by the Military Geographical Institute made in the 1930s are one of the most beautiful works of the "offset revolution". The maps by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) are the civil version of military maps which were classified as secred in the times of the People's Republic of Poland (before 1990). The map by the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces was made at the time when Polish cartography was on the verge of the computerization era. During the past century, there occurred changes in both the contents of maps and its classification, as well as in the form of cartographic symbols. The ten¬dency to define notions and classify topographic objects in better detail has become clearly apparent. The most changes occurred in the methods of clas¬sification of transport contents, a little less in the remaining anthropogenic elements, and the least - in classification of natural elements. Graphic construction of symbols indirectly points to the technological process of map design and publication. Symbols on one- and two-color maps were designed differently than the symbols on multicolor maps. In the first half of 20th century, limited possibilities of color usage influenced bigger diversification of symbols' shapes and sizes. In the beginning of 20th century, image signs or image-symbolic signs constituted a large percentage of symbols applied on maps, whereas by the end of 20th century - symbolic and geometrical signs were most dominant. Therefore we witness a growing level of abstraction of maps as depictions of geographical space.

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Planes coordinates transformation between PSAD56 to SIRGAS using a Multilayer Artificial Neural Network

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Tierra A. , Romero R.

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2014

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tom Vol. 63, no. 2

199--209

EN

Prior any satellite technology developments, the geodetic networks of a country were realized from a topocentric datum, and hence the respective cartography was performed. With availability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems-GNSS, cartography needs to be updated and referenced to a geocentric datum to be compatible with this technology. Cartography in Ecuador has been performed using the PSAD56 (Provisional South American Datum 1956) systems, nevertheless it’s necessary to have inside the system SIRGAS (Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las AmericaS). This transformation between PSAD56 to SIRGAS use seven transformation parameters calculated with the method Helmert. These parameters, in case of Ecuador are compatible for scales of 1:25 000 or less, that does not satisfy the requirements on applications for major scales. In this study, the technique of neural networks is demonstrated as an alternative for improving the processing of UTM planes coordinates E, N (East, North) from PSAD56 to SIRGAS. Therefore, from the coordinates E, N, of the two systems, four transformation parameters were calculated (two of translation, one of rotation, and one scale difference) using the technique bidimensional transformation. Additionally, the same coordinates were used to training Multilayer Artificial Neural Network -MANN, in which the inputs are the coordinates E, N in PSAD56 and output are the coordinates E, N in SIRGAS. Both the two-dimensional transformation and ANN were used as control points to determine the differences between the mentioned methods. The results imply that, the coordinates transformation obtained with the artificial neural network multilayer trained have been improving the results that the bidimensional transformation, and compatible to scales 1:5000.

PL

Dostęp do nowoczesnych technologii, w tym GNSS umożliwiły dokładniejsze zdefiniowanie systemów odniesień przestrzennych wykorzystywanych m.in. w definiowaniu krajowych układów odniesień i układów współrzędnych. W Ekwadorze wykorzystywany jest system PSAD56 (Provisional South American Datum 1956), ale w ostatnim czasie zaszła konieczność zdefiniowania wewnętrznego(krajowego) systemu SIRGAS (Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las AmericaS). Do transformacji pomiędzy oboma systemami powszechnie wykorzystuje się metodę Helmerta, stosując układ siedmioparametrowy. Transformacja taka pozwala na zachowanie dokładności wystarczającej do opracowania map topograficznych w skalach 1:25 000 lub mniejszych. W artykule do transformacji zastosowano sieci neuronowe, co umożliwiło podniesienie dokładności do skali 1:5 000.

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Współczesne mapy topograficzne w skali 1:25 000 wybranych państw europejskich

86%

Meksuła M. W. , Tomasiak A.

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tom T. 42, nr 4

321-330

PL

Artykuł jest próbą wskazania różnic i podobieństw między mapami topograficznymi w skali 1:25 000 różnych krajów Europy. Analizie poddano mapy: belgijską, czeską, francuską, hiszpańską, holenderską, niemiecką, szwajcarską oraz włoską. Porównanie osnowy matematycznej, sposobów przedstawiania rzeźby terenu, prezentacji sieci wodnej, osadniczej i komunikacyjnej oraz pokrycia terenu uwidoczniło znaczne różnice między koncepcjami wydawanych współcześnie map topograficznych. Głównymi przyczynami zróżnicowania map wydają się być odmienne cechy środowiska geograficznego oraz różnice tradycji kartograficznych poszczególnych krajów.

EN

The first civilian topographic map in 1:25 000 published in Poland after WW II became, despite its short-comings, a basis for numerous thematic maps. It was reedited and used until the end of 1980-ies. Currently civilian topographic maps are available only in 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 (maps in '1992' coordinate system). Lack of a contemporary map in 1:25 000 makes it impossible to create thematic presentations comparable to the ones of the past, and makes it difficult to conduct field research. A new map in 1:25 000 should relate in its concept to the topographic maps in 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 mentioned above, and at the same time continue the best traditions of Polish cartography. It should also present a level similar to that of other European publications of the type. The article analyzes topographic maps in 1:25 000 currently published in Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. The comparison shows that there are significant differences between them, visible even at the stage of analysis of their mathematical base. Various ellipsoids, systems of reference and cartographic projections are used, while altitudes are related to various sea levels. Maps also have different density of topographic grid and various ways of describing it. On all maps land relief is presented with contour lines, but with various contour intervals. Only some of the maps used hill shading. Also land cover differs (number of categories). Three approaches to the presentation of settlements can be distinguished. The first one is presentation of single buildings, the second - presentation of built-up areas, with the third being a combination of the first two. Significant differences appear in the presentation of functions of buildings and built-up areas (color, signatures, notes, lettering). Differences between maps are also visible in the presentation of surface waters and transportation infrastructure (roads, rail-roads). These result from different classification criteria. Graphic differences between analyzed maps are also well visible in the form of a variety of signatures and different color scales of print. The reason for such significant differences between European topographic maps in the scale of 1:25 000 results not only from different types of geographic environment, but mostly from different cartographic traditions of particular countries. Lack of common European standards of topographic map edition will probably make the concept of the future Polish map in 1:25 000 resemble the concepts of the topographic maps in 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 currently available in Poland.

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TBD po poznańsku

72%

Danielska L. , Nowicki T.

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2003

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tom nr 1

36--39

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Trójwymiarowa analiza obrazu : nowe narzędzie badania struktury materiałów i budowy przestrzennych obiektów

58%

Fałek A.

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tom R. 8, nr 2

6-12

PL

Rozwojowi techniki towarzyszy wzrost zapotrzebowania na coraz bardziej wyrafinowane, wykorzystujące najnowsze zdobycze nauki i wiedzy inżynierskiej, metody badań struktury materiałów i złożonych obiektów przestrzennych. Stawia się przed nimi duże wymagania - mają być wykonywane szybko i zapewniać dokładność wyników.