Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

IN VIVO STIMULATION OF PERITONEAL CELLS BY CHITOSAN ADMINISTERED IN DRINKING WATER TO MICE

100%

Brodaczewska K. , Doligalska M.

Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives

|

2012

|

tom 17

111 - 116

EN

The aim of the study was to determine immunostimulant properties of chitosan administered alimentary to BALB/c mice. We observed that chitosan feeding effected in activation of cells from the peritoneal cavity. The cells produced less nitric oxide with simultaneous enhanced activity of arginase and higher expression of receptor for IL-4. What is more, chitosan caused increased number of cells expressing MHC class II. The study confirms that chitosan can stimulate immune system what potentially makes it useful candidate for adjuvant.

2

In vitro study of chemically modified carbon fibres

100%

Czajkowska B. , Błażewicz M.

Inżynieria Biomateriałów

|

1999

|

tom R. 2, nr 5-6

25--30

EN

The objects of this study were three types of low-carbonised carbon fibres. The fibres differed in oxygen contents and in surface state resulting from chemical bonding. The behaviour of macrophages line J774 and peritoneal mouse macrophages in the presence of these fibres was studied. Viability, ability to proliferation and releasing level of IL-6 and NO were analysed. It has been shown that a/l examined fibres in- duce the formation of considerable high level of IL-6. Moreover, none of the analysed materials induced of NO forming. Macrophage viability varied depending on oxygen content on the carbon surface. Reaction of cells with modified surface carbon fibres brings about significant/y different cells response in vitro.

3

Different reactions of macrophages cultured with the samples from new and old polyethylene cups of the hip prosthesis

100%

Czajkowska B. , Otfinowski J. , Ptak M. , Pawelec A. , Lekki J.

Inżynieria Biomateriałów

|

2000

|

tom R. 3, nr 11

8--10

EN

We estimated release of cytokines IL-6 and TNFα and tested viability of macrophages cultured with the samples of polyethylene obtained from new acetabular cup of the hip prostheses and from the cups retrieved 4-6 years after implantation. The macrophages cultured with old polyethylene showed decreased viability and released more IL-6 and TNFα.

4

Luminol-Dependent Photoemission from Macrophages Stimulated by Cyclic Acetals of Salicylaldehyde

100%

Maślińska-Solich J. , Sowa M. , Czuba Z.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

|

1999

|

tom Vol. 73, nr 8

1339-1343

EN

The synthesis and structure of several cyclic acetals of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde) and various 1,2- or 1,3-diols are described. These compounds were tested as the enhancers or inhibitors of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of macrophages.

5

The study of the influence of micro-environmental signals on macrophage differentiation using a quantitative Petri net based model

100%

Rżosińska K. , Formanowicz D. , Formanowicz P.

Archives of Control Sciences

|

2017

|

tom Vol. 27, no. 2

331--349

EN

The complexity of many biological processes, which, thanks to the development of many fields of science, becomes for us more and more obvious, makes these processes extremely interesting for further analysis. In this paper a quantitative model of the process of macrophage differentiation, which is essential for many phenomena occurring in the human body, is proposed and analyzed. The model is expressed in the language of Petri net theory on the basis of one of the three hypotheses concerning macrophage differentiation existing in the literature. The performed analysis allowed to find an importance of individual factors in the studied phenomenon.

6

Hydrolysis of cyclic GMP in rat peritoneal macrophages.

100%

Witwicka H. , Kobiałka M. , Gorczyca W. A.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2002

|

tom 49

|

nr 4

891-897

EN

Intact rat peritoneal macrophages (rPM) treated with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), accumulated more cGMP than untreated cells. A PDE activity toward [3H]cGMP was detected in the soluble and particulate fractions of rPM. The hydrolysis of cGMP was Ca2+/calmodulin-independent but increased in the presence of cGMP excess. Similar results were obtained when [3H]cAMP was used as a substrate. The hydrolytic activity towards both nucleotides was inhibited in the presence of IBMX. Therefore, the PDEs of families 2, 5, 10 and 11 are potential candidates for cGMP hydrolysis in the rPM. They may not only regulate the cGMP level in a feedback-controlled way but also link cGMP-dependent pathways with those regulated by cAMP.

7

Modulation of the growth of pulmonary tumour colonies in mice after single or fractionated low-level irradiations with X-rays

88%

Nowosielska E. M. , Cheda A. , Wrembel-Wargocka J. , Janiak M. K.

Nukleonika

|

2008

|

tom Vol. 53, suppl. 1

9-15

EN

A number of epidemiological and experimental data indicate that exposures to low doses of low-LET ionizing radiation may trigger the activity of natural anti-tumour immune mechanisms and inhibit tumour growth. Natural killer (NK) cells and activated macrophages play important roles in the anti-tumour defence of the host. In view of this, the aim of the present study was to correlate the tumour-inhibitory effect of low doses of X-rays with the activities of NK cells and macrophages. BALB/c mice were whole-body irradiated with single or fractionated doses of 0.1, 0.2, or 1.0 Gy X-rays and then intravenously injected with L1 sarcoma cells; 14 days later, tumour colonies on the lungs' surface were counted. Cytotoxic activities of NK cells and macrophages were estimated using the 51Cr-release and [3H]thymidineuptake assays, respectively. The anti-asialo GM1 antibody and carrageenan (CGN) were intraperitoneally injected to block the NK cell- and macrophage-mediated activities in vivo, respectively. Single and fractionated whole-body irradiation (WBI) of mice with 0.1 or 0.2 Gy X-rays led to reduction in the number of the pulmonary tumour colonies accompanied by the enhanced cytotoxic activities of both NK lymphocytes and macrophages. Treatment of mice with anti-asialo GM1 antibody or CGN abrogated the tumour-inhibitory effects of the low-level exposures to X-rays. The obtained data suggest that suppression of the development of pulmonary tumour colonies by single or fractionated irradiations of mice with the low doses of X-rays may result from stimulation of the natural anti-tumour defence reactions mediated by NK cells and/or cytotoxic macrophages.

8

Conjugated linoleic acids regulate triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations in macrophages/foam cells by the modulation of CD36 expression

75%

Stachowska E. , Baskiewicz M. , Marchlewicz M. , Czupryńska K. , Kaczmarczyk M. , Wiszniewska B. , Machaliński B. , Chlubek D.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2010

|

tom 57

|

nr 3

379-384

EN

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterised by the accumulation of lipids and their metabolites in the artery wall. During inflammation circulating LDL are taken up by macrophages through two major scavenger receptors: CD36 and scavenger receptor A (SRA). Fatty acids that are common in food, e.g. linoleic acid and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids can modulate expression of CD36 on the macrophage surface. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) that originate from the human diet, have demonstrated antiatherogenic properties in several experiments. Animal study evidenced that CLA could induce resolution of plaque by activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes. Less unequivocal results were obtained in human studies (on the CLA effects on the inflammatory process). Therefore in this study we investigated the influence of CLA on CD36 expression and lipid accumulation in human macrophages. Macrophages were incubated with 30 µM cis-9,trans-11 CLA, trans-10,cis-12 CLA or linoleic acid for 48 h. After that, expression of CD36 as well as accumulation of lipids were measured by flow cytometry, microscopy and a spectroscopic method. We demonstrate that both cis-9,trans-11 C 18:2 CLA and linoleic acid slightly elevated expression of CD36, whereas second isomer - trans-10,cis-12 CLA - did not. Nevertheless, only trans-10,cis-12 CLA triggered delipidation of macrophages, that is decreased triacylglycerols concentration. Also in human adipocytes, trans-10,cis-12 CLA causes cell delipidation by reduction of PPAR receptor expression. We propose a similar mechanism for human macrophages/foam cells.

9

Stimulatory effects of single low-level irradiations with X-rays on functions of murine peritoneal macrophages

75%

Cheda A. , Wrembel-Wargocka J. , Nowosielska E. , Janiak M.

Nukleonika

|

2005

|

tom Vol. 50,suppl.2

13-16

EN

A number of epidemiological and experimental data indicate that exposures to low doses of low-LET ionising radiation may trigger the activity of natural anti-tumour immune mechanisms and inhibit tumour growth. In the present study, we assessed the cytotoxic activity and production of nitric oxide, superoxide anions, and tumour necrosis factor-alfa in peritoneal macrophages collected from BALB/c mice exposed to single whole-body irradiations with 0.1, 0.2, or 1.0 Gy X-rays. The results indicate that all the tested parameters were significantly up-regulated in macrophages obtained from mice exposed to 0.1 or 0.2 Gy X-rays but not in those collected from the sham-irradiated and 1.0 Gy-exposed animals.

10

The effect of nano-HA-based biomaterial on macrophage polarization and osteogenic differentiation in co-culture system in vitro

75%

Kazimierczak P. , Przekora A.

Engineering of Biomaterials

|

2021

|

tom Vol. 24, no. 163

14

11

Analiza immunoreaktywności antygenów B7H4 i HLA-G w ognisku wznowy raka jajnika i jego mikrośrodowisku

63%

Basta P. , Gałązka K. , Stasienko E. , Dutsch-Wicherek M. , Wicherek Ł.

Current Gynecologic Oncology

|

2011

|

tom 9

|

nr 1

9-17

EN

Introduction: We decided to examine the immunoreactivity of two antigens, B7H4 and HAL-G, within ovarian cancer cells and the macrophages that infiltrate the ovarian cancer microenvironment. It is well known that these two antigens are responsible for the inhibition of both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells. It has also been suggested that the response of the patient to applied therapy (surgery and chemotherapy) may be related to the status of the tumor microenvironment. Certainly, both B7H4 and HLA-G have been found in the ovarian cancer nest. Methods: We analyzed the immunoreactivity levels of both B7H4 and HLA-G on ovarian cancer cells with respect to the number of different chemotherapy regiments the patient underwent between the first- and second-line surgeries. Additionally, we detected the immunoreactivity of these two antigens on the macrophages present in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. The immunoreactivity analysis was performed on tissue samples derived from 17 patients. Result: In our study, we observed a statistically significantly higher amount of infiltration of B7H4-positive macrophages into the ovarian cancer relapse microenvironment in those patients who had had more than one type of chemotherapy regiment between surgical procedures compared to those who had had only one. Likewise, the HLA-G immunoreactivity level was higher in the first than in the second group. Conclusion: An immunosuppressive ovarian cancer relapse microenvironment, as indicated by the presence of suppressive macrophages, may be related to the need to supplement the primary chemotherapy.

PL

Ekspresja antygenu B7H4 i antygenu HLA-G jest związana z ucieczką komórek raka spod nadzoru immunologicznego, ponieważ antygeny te odpowiadają za ograniczenia aktywności limfocytów cytotoksycznych T i komórek NK. Ich ekspresję wykazano zarówno w komórkach raka jajnika, jak i w obrębie błony komórkowej makrofagów znajdujących się w mikrośrodowisku raka jajnika. Ponieważ odpowiedź na zastosowane leczenie chirurgiczne i chemioterapię może zależeć od stopnia zahamowania aktywności układu odpornościowego gospodarza, postanowiliśmy zbadać immunoreaktywność tych antygenów w tkance wznowy raka jajnika u 17 chorych w zależności od odpowiedzi na zastosowane wcześniej leczenie. Metody: Oceniliśmy immunoreaktywność antygenów B7H4 oraz HLA-G w komórkach raka jajnika i w obrębie makrofagów naciekających mikrośrodowisko raka jajnika w próbkach tkankowych pochodzących od 17 chorych. Następnie przeprowadziliśmy analizę zmian ekspresji badanych antygenów w zależności od odpowiedzi na zastosowane leczenie chirurgiczne i chemioterapię. Wyniki: W naszej pracy zaobserwowaliśmy statystycznie znamiennie więcej makrofagów B7H4-dodatnich w mikrośrodowisku wznowy raka jajnika w przypadkach, w których wznowa występowała po wcześniejszym leczeniu chirurgicznym i chemioterapii I i II rzutu, w porównaniu z przypadkami wznowy po leczeniu chirurgicznym i chemioterapii I rzutu. Podobnie w pierwszej grupie obserwowano wyższą immunoreaktywność antygenu HLA-G. Wnioski: Obecność w mikrośrodowisku raka jajnika makrofagów o działaniu hamującym układ odpornościowy jest związana z powstaniem hamującego mikrośrodowiska guza i może mieć związek z odpowiedzią na leczenie.

12

Metabolism of cyclic GMP in peritoneal macrophages of rat and guinea pig.

63%

Kobiałka M. , Witwicka H. , Siednienko J. , Gorczyca W. A.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2003

|

tom 50

|

nr 3

837-847

EN

The aim of our studies was to establish which enzymes constitute the "cGMP pathway" in rat and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (PM). We found that in guinea pig PM synthesis of the nucleotide was significantly enhanced in response to activators of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and it was only slightly stimulated by specific activators of particulate guanylyl cyclases (pGC). In contrast, rat PM responded strongly to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), the activator of pGC type A. The rat cells synthesized about three-fold more cGMP than an equal number of the guinea pig cells. The activity of phosphodiesterases (PDE) hydrolyzing cGMP was apparently regulated by cGMP itself in PM of both species and again it was higher in the rat cells than in those isolated from guinea pig. However, guinea pig PM revealed an activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent PDE1, which was absent in the rat cells. Using Western blotting analysis we were unable to detect the presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1) in PM isolated from either species. In summary, our findings indicate that particulate GC-A is the main active form of GC in the rat PM, while in guinea pig macrophages the sGC activity dominates. Since the profiles of the PDE activities in rat and guinea pig PM are also different, we conclude that the mechanisms regulating cGMP metabolism in PM are species-specific. Moreover, our results suggest that targets for cGMP other than PKG1 should be present in PM of both species.

13

Podstawy immunologiczne powstawania i leczenia nowotworów kobiecego układu płciowego

63%

Leśniak M. , Dutsch-Wicherek M. , Koper K. , Basta T. , Makarewicz M. , Śpiewankiewicz B. , Wicherek Ł.

Current Gynecologic Oncology

|

2012

|

tom 10

|

nr 4

307-316

EN

A prerequisite for the development of a malignant tumor is the occurrence of a series of mutations in suppressor genes, so that cells acquire a malignant phenotype. There is no single molecular alteration that would lead a cell through a complex process of carcinogenesis. In the case of late-stage ovarian cancer, the next necessary step is the escape of these genetically altered cells from the supervision of the host immune system. Initially, the process of evasion from immune control is merely one of “cheating” the immune system. However, as the tumor increases in size, it takes control over the immune system, at least on a local scale, and the escalation of this phenomenon may result in generalized immune suppression. First, a cancer cell masks its presence, then it inhibits the non-specific immune system as well as the specific immune response by (among other things) initiating the apoptosis of the cytotoxic cells infiltrating its microenvironment. Finally, cancer cells modify their microenvironment so that it supports their development and by accumulating immunosuppressive Treg lymphocytes inhibits the immune response against them. Understanding the principles governing this phenomenon would thus appear to be key to being able to, but also to counteract it. The resulting knowledge might allow us to supplement the standard combination of antitumor treatment and immune therapy, thus improving its efficacy. Currently one of the most promising forms of immune therapy is the removal of Treg cells from the tumor microenvironment.

PL

Warunkiem powstania nowotworu złośliwego jest pojawienie się szeregu mutacji w zakresie genów supresorowych, tak aby komórka uzyskała fenotyp nowotworowy. Nie ma pojedynczej zmiany molekularnej, która mogłaby przeprowadzić komórkę przez złożony proces karcynogenezy. W przypadku klinicznie zaawansowanego raka jajnika oprócz tego konieczna jest jeszcze ucieczka tych zmienionych genetycznie komórek przed układem odpornościowym gospodarza. Początkowo proces ucieczki guza spod nadzoru immunologicznego jest tylko „oszukiwaniem” układu odpornościowego. Jednak w miarę wzrostu guza przejmuje on co najmniej miejscowo kontrolę nad układem odpornościowym, a narastanie natężenia tego zjawiska może doprowadzić do uogólnionej supresji. Najpierw komórka nowotworowa maskuje swoją obecność, następnie hamuje nieswoisty układ odpornościowy, po czym hamuje swoistą odpowiedź układu odpornościowego między innymi poprzez doprowadzenie do apoptozy komórek cytotoksycznych naciekających jej mikrośrodowisko. Ostatecznie komórki raka tak modyfikują swoje mikrośrodowisko, że wspiera ono ich rozwój i uczestniczy w zahamowaniu skierowanej przeciwko nim odpowiedzi układu odpornościowego, np. poprzez nagromadzenie limfocytów hamujących Treg. Wydaje się, iż poznanie zasięgu tego procesu z jednej strony ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zrozumienia praw rządzących tym fenomenem, z drugiej umożliwia ingerencję w ten proces. W ten sposób będzie można uzupełnić skojarzone leczenie przeciwnowotworowe o immunoterapię i poprawić jego skuteczność. Jednym z obiecujących sposobów immunoterapii jest usunięcie komórek Treg z mikrośrodowiska guza.

14

Wyrzut zewnątrzkomórkowych sieci neutrofilowych (NET) przez neutrofile i co dalej? Konsekwencje tworzenia i nieprawidłowego usuwania NET

63%

Santocki M. , Kołaczkowska E.

Kosmos

|

2017

|

tom 66

|

nr 4

623-634

PL

Neutrofilowe sieci zewnątrzkomórkowe (NET) to niedawno odkryty mechanizm, dzięki któremu neutrofile mogą skutecznie walczyć z patogenami. W wyniku aktywacji neutrofile wyrzucają zdekondensowany DNA, połączony z histonami i białkami pochodzącymi z ziarnistości. Te przestrzenne struktury mogą wyłapywać, ograniczać rozprzestrzenianie się, a w niektórych przypadkach zabijać patogeny. Pomimo korzystnych efektów, NET są także odpowiedzialne za patogenezę różnych chorób autoimmunizacyjnych, takich jak reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów, łuszczyca czy toczeń rumieniowaty układowy, a także przyczyniają się do uszkodzeń narządów w trakcie sepsy. Jak dotąd niewiele wiadomo o tym jak NET są usuwane z naczyń krwionośnych i narządów oraz przez które komórki. Istniejące, nieliczne doniesienia wskazują na udział makrofagów w usuwaniu NET, jednakże wyniki te pochodzą tylko z eksperymentów in vitro. Otwartym pozostaje zatem pytanie o mechanizmy tego procesu w skomplikowanym środowisku żywego organizmu. W związku z patologicznym aspektem tworzenia NET, ważnym będzie opracowanie skutecznego środka farmakologicznego zdolnego do usuwania tych struktur.

EN

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) represent a recently discovered mechanism by which neutrophils can efficiently fight pathogens. Upon activation, neutrophils release decondensed extracellular DNA decorated with histones and granular proteins. These three-dimensional structures can trap pathogens, limit their spread and sometimes kill them. Despite their beneficial effects, NETs are also involved in pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis or systemic lupus erythematosus, and also contribute to organ damage during sepsis. So far, little is known on how NETs are removed from vasculature and tissues, and by which cells. Limited available studies indicate that macrophages might remove NETs, but these results were obtained in vitro. Thus it remains unknown how this process occurs in a complex milieu of the body. Due to the pathological aspect of NET formation, a challenge for the near future will be development of pharmacological agents capable of NET removal.

15

A novel approach for detection and delineation of cell nuclei using feature similarity index measure

51%

John J. , Nair M. S. , Kumar P. R. A. , Wilscy M.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

|

2016

|

tom Vol. 36, no. 1

76--88

EN

Accurate image segmentation of cells and tissues is a challenging research area due to its vast applications in medical diagnosis. Seed detection is the basic and most essential step for the automated segmentation of microscopic images. This paper presents a robust, accurate and novel method for detecting cell nuclei which can be efficiently used for cell segmentation. We propose a template matching method using a feature similarity index measure (FSIM) for detecting nuclei positions in the image which can be further used as seeds for segmentation tasks. Initially, a Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm is applied on the image for separating the foreground region containing the individual and clustered nuclei regions. FSIM based template matching approach is then used for nuclei detection. FSIM makes use of low level texture features for comparisons and hence gives good results. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on the gold standard dataset containing 36 images (_8000 nuclei) of tissue samples and also in vitro cultured cell images of Stromal Fibroblasts (5 images) and Human Macrophage cell line (4 images) using the statistical measures of Precision and Recall. The results are analyzed and compared with other state-of-the-art methods in the literature and software tools to prove its efficiency. Precision is found to be comparable and the Recall rate is found to exceed 92% for the gold standard dataset which shows considerable performance improvement over existing methods.

16

Dziedzictwo Illii Miecznikowa: w stulecie śmierci

51%

Kołaczkowska E.

Kosmos

|

2017

|

tom 66

|

nr 4

531-540

PL

Obserwacja zjawiska, bez jego (prawidłowej) interpretacji, bez zrozumienia i eksperymentalnego potwierdzenia jego mechanizmów, pozostaje jedynie obserwacją. Fagocytozę, jako proces internalizacji cząsteczek przez komórki, opisano przed Miecznikowem, ale to on pierwszy zrozumiał jaka jest rola tego zjawiska w obronie organizmu przed patogenami, to on pierwszy zrozumiał jak ten proces ewoluował, od roli w odżywianiu prostych organizmów, do roli w eliminacji ciał obcych lub uszkodzonych, u organizmów stojących wyżej w ewolucji. Choć mylnie przypisuje się Miecznikowowi odkrycie fagocytozy, to jest on w istocie pierwszym, który to zjawisko zrozumiał i zdefiniował. W jego własnych słowach: "W odporności, czy to wrodzonej czy nabytej, jest tylko jeden stały element i jest to fagocytoza. Znaczeniu tego faktu, i jego implikacji, nie można już dłużej zaprzeczać". Po dekadach dominacji badań nad odpowiedzią nabytą, obecnie oba typy odporności uważa się za równie ważne. Teoria Miecznikowa o zaangażowaniu wyspecjalizowanych komórek w odpowiedź immunologiczną, wraz z badaniami niemieckich badaczy, na czele z Paulem Ehrlichem, o humoralnym charakterze odpowiedzi obronnej organizmu, dały podwaliny współczesnej immunologii. Ale badania Miecznikowa to nie tylko zjawisko fagocytozy. Zajmował się on również badaniami nad szczepionkami, a także był jednym z pierwszych, który zrozumiał znaczenie mikrobioty dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania organizmu, w tym jego odpowiedzi immunologicznej. Dziedzictwo Illii Miecznikowa nie straciło więc nic na swojej wartości, a wręcz wiele jego odkryć zaczyna być docenianych dopiero współcześnie.

EN

Observation of a given phenomenon without its (correct) interpretation, without its comprehension and empirical verification of its mechanism(s), remains only an observation. Phagocytosis, a process of particle/bodies internalization by cells, was described before Metchnikoff, but he was the first who realized a role of the process for defense from pathogens. In fact, he understood the evolution of the process from its role in nutrition (simple organisms) to elimination of foreign bodies/altered cells (evolutionary higher animals). After decades of dominance of studies on adaptive immunity, nowadays the innate immunity is considered equally important. Metchnikoff's theory on cellular immunity together with studies of Paul Ehrlich, on its humoral aspect, paved the way for contemporary immunology. But Metchnikoff's heritage is not narrowed to phagocytosis only. He also worked on vaccination and was among the first who understood significance of microbiota in immunity. Metchnikoff's legacy stands strong and in fact some of his findings are acknowledged only today.

17

Immunometabolizm czyli jak procesy biochemiczne kontrolują funkcje obronne leukocytów

51%

Cichoń I. , Kołaczkowska E.

Kosmos

|

2017

|

tom 66

|

nr 4

635-649

PL

W ostatnich latach nową, dynamicznie rozwijającą się gałęzią nauki o odporności jest immunometabolizm. Dział ten bada jak przemiany metaboliczne zachodzące w komórkach układu odpornościowego, wpływają na ich przetrwanie, rozwój, ale także funkcje wykonawcze. W opracowaniu tym opisujemy przebieg podstawowych i pomocniczych szlaków pozyskania energii przez leukocyty, a w szczególności glikolizę, cykl Krebsa, szlak pentozofosforanowy oraz utlenienie kwasów tłuszczowych. Przedstawiamy znaczenie poszczególnych szlaków dla funkcjonowania leukocytów, rozwoju ich fenotypu (np. makrofagów M1 i M2), oraz przełączania szlaków podczas ich aktywacji. Zmiany te mogą wpływać na funkcje obronne w czasie reakcji zapalnej, infekcji lub uszkodzenia tkanek. Z drugiej strony, leukocyty mogą realizować różne programy metaboliczne, celem pozyskania energii do walki z patogenami. Zależność pomiędzy funkcjami obronnymi a metabolizmem rzuca także nowe światło na zrozumienie mechanizmów chorób metabolicznych, a przede wszystkim kompleksowej odpowiedzi immunologicznej.

EN

In recent years, a new branch of immunology called immunometabolism has been established. The discipline focuses on intracellular metabolic changes in immune cells that impact - influence their survival, development, as well as defense mechanisms. Here we provide a brief summary of basic and ancillary metabolic pathways which leukocytes utilize to obtain energy, with a special focus on glycolysis, TCA cycle, penthosophosphate pathway and fatty acid oxidation. Significance of the given metabolic path for leukocyte functioning, phenotype changes (e.g. M1 vs. M2 macrophages) and biochemical changes during activation is discussed. The metabolic changes can in fact shape the effector functions during inflammation, infection or tissue injury. On the other hand, leukocytes can adopt different metabolic programs to gain energy required to eliminate pathogens. An interplay between immunity and metabolism sheds new light on understanding of metabolic diseases but foremost on complex immune responses.