Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Archeologia a badania lokacji miast

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Buśko C.

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tom nr 8

17 plik video 15:11

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Z dziejów miasta klasztornego Wąchocka w średniowieczu i okresie wczesnonowożytnym: warstwa źródłowa i interpretacje historyczne

51%

Kardyś P.

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tom 123

247-263

PL

Zagadnienie początków miasta klasztornego Wąchocka obecne jest w polskiej historiografii od lat 30. XX w. Wciąż nie rozstrzygnięto jednak wszystkich wątpliwości związanych z lokacją miasta, zwłaszcza w relacji klasztor/pan feudalny, a procesy osadnicze zachodzące w bezpośrednim jego sąsiedztwie, które doprowadziły ostatecznie do lokacji miejskiej i faktycznego powstania organizmu miejskiego. W tekście przedstawiono dotychczasowe interpretacje źródeł pisanych związanych z lokacją wsi i miast w dobrach cystersów z Wąchocka na tle ich ogólnego rozwoju gospodarczego, wskazano na te fakty, które mogły wpływać stymulująco bądź hamująco na osadnictwo i zagospodarowanie tychże dóbr oraz postawiono uzasadnioną źródłowo hipotezę, iż nie da się datować faktycznych początków miasta Wąchocka wcześniej jak I poł XV w. Tekst jest przyczynkiem do trwającej od lat dyskusji nad powszechnym w tej części Europy zjawiskiem małych i średnich miast w krajobrazie gospodarczym średniowiecza, i okresu wczesnonowożytnego.

EN

The question of the beginnings of the monastery town of Wąchock has been pre-sent in Polish historiography since the 1930s. All the doubts concerning the location of the town have not been settled yet, especially those connected with the relation monastery/feudal master and the settlement processes in its direct vicinity, which led to town location and the development of the urban organism. The text presents the existing interpretations of the written sources connected with the location of villages and towns in Cistercian domains on the background of their general economic devel-opment and points out the facts which could have stimulated or inhibited settlement and land use. It also poses a hypothesis, well grounded in sources, that the actual beginnings of Wąchock cannot be dated earlier than the first half of the 15th century. The text constitutes a contribution to a long lasting discussion about a widespread phenomenon in this part of Europe of small and average sized towns in the economic landscape of the Middle Ages and the early modern period.

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„Nieznane” grodzisko w Dzięciołach, pow. łosicki. Perspektywy badawcze

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Skrzyńska K.

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tom LXX

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nr 70

261-270

EN

A non-invasive exploration of the stronghold at Dzięcioły, Łosice County, in NE Poland began in 2018 (Fig. 1, 2). Based on the results of test excavations from 1968, the stronghold was dated to the 12th century. Its three-line defence system consists of fortifications on the outside of the suburbium, the stronghold proper, and the small ringfort located on its inner grounds. Also visible are such elements as the remnants of supposed gateways, earthen ramps across the moats, and a dyke leading from the stronghold towards the river (Fig. 3, 4), allowing movement inside and outside the settlement. The dating of the site and related determination of its function are the most important research problems. The existing chronology, based on a traditional archaeological analysis, does not allow for the correct conclusions. The situation is complicated by the fact that the site at Dzięcioły consists of three separate sets of fortifications, with one of them (the central one) exceptionally developed, comprising two ditches and three concentric embankments. As the site has not been excavated, its chronology can only be inferred by noticing several possibilities for relative dating. There is a hypothesis that the stronghold at Dzięcioły is a remnant of the early medieval settlement of Łosice, translocated in the High Middle Ages to a settlement of the same name established nearby, first mentioned in the first half of the 15th century. However, analysis of the sources indicates that the stronghold at Dzięcioły may have been abandoned at the end of the first half of the 13th century, when the basin of the Middle Bug River became a target for armed invasions. This possibility has been confirmed preliminarily by the results of geophysical prospection. Alternatively, the stronghold at Dzięcioły could have been abandoned in the first quarter of the 14th century due to a change in the geopolitical situation in the region. As a result, the early medieval road network lost its dominant position, and the previously secondary routes increased in importance. It was on such a route that the new settlement of Łosice was established. It could have taken over the strategic functions previously served by the stronghold at Dzięcioły. Indirect data in this respect is provided by the results of onomastic research. The connection between the early medieval stronghold and the chartered town is also indirectly evidenced by information about the Church of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which was supposed to exist in Łosice as early as in 1264. The church could have been located in the stronghold before it was abandoned and later moved to the ‘new’ Łosice. The geophysical prospection carried out at the site revealed the presence of a rectangular anomaly measuring about 19×16 m, situated in the courtyard of the inner ringfort. The anomaly is interpreted as the remains of a burnt, wooden or wood-and-brick structure. Preliminary examination of the phenomenon of translocation indicates that in Mazovia and the areas of the Polish-Ruthenian/Polish-Lithuanian borderland, it happened it two stages. The older phase can be dated from the second half of the 10th century to the 12th century and is associated with the establishment of a stronghold network of the early state. This process is illustrated by examples from Old Mazovia and its borderland with Kievan Rus’. The stronghold network of the region survived at least until the end of the 12th or mid-13th century, when the second stage of translocation changes began. The strongholds were abandoned, and non-fortified settlements, which took over their functions, were established in the vicinity. Their proto-city status might have been further conditioned by the organisation of trading sites. The settlements were then situated at key points of travel routes, resulting in the development of local exchange in the context of long-distance trade. Due to dynamic economic and demographic development, these settlements were granted city rights in the 15th and 16th century.

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Dzieje kartografii miast polskich do końca XIX wieku. Zarys problematyki

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Bartoszewicz A. , Bartoszewicz H.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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tom T. 45, nr 3

236--255

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba przedstawienia zarysu dziejów kartografii miast polskich od XVI do końca XIX wieku. Cezurę początkową stanowią najstarsze zachowane kartografika miejskie, natomiast cezurę końcową „produkcja" kartograficzna towarzysząca regulacji miast Królestwa Polskiego po tzw. reformie miejskiej lat 1869-1870 i pierwsze mapy lindleyowskie. Podstawę źródłową artykułu stanowią kartografika przechowywane w zbiorach polskich. Autorzy artykułu wykorzystali także wydawnictwa źródłowe i katalogi dotyczące map wielkoskalowych miast Rzeczypospolitej i miast pozostających obecnie w granicach państwa polskiego. Uwzględniono prace kartografów polskich i obcych pracujących na rzecz polskich odbiorców, a także cudzoziemców, głównie inżynierów wojskowych służących w armiach, które prowadziły wojny na ziemiach Rzeczypospolitej.

EN

The authors attempt to present the history of cartography of Polish cities from the 16th until the end of the 19th century. The oldest preserved city maps constitute the initial caesura and the cartographic 'production' accompanying the regulation of cities of the Kingdom of Poland after the so called city reform of 1869-1870 and W. Lindley's first maps - constitutes the final caesura. Maps and plans stored in Polish collections form the article's source basis. The authors have also used source publications and catalogues of large scale maps of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and of cities which are currently included within the boundaries of the Polish state. There have remained only few large scale 16th century maps. There exist individual copies, mainly of large cities or of those which were strategically important and had fortifications. They were made in connection with urban processes and construction activity. Large scale maps were also made to settle ownership rights and for fiscal reasons. G. Braun's and F. Hogenberg's plans and city views are among the most valuable works of urban cartography. However, the maps made during the 17th century and the beginning of 18th century wars in Poland have higher recognize value. The most valuable among those are the works of a Swedish army engineer, general E. J. Dahlbergh. They were published in part in the work of S. Pufendorf. Urban cartographic 'production' increased in the 18th century. During the reign of August II and August III, mainly two kinds of elaborations were made: 1) maps of Polish cities besieged during the wars fought at the beginning of the 18th century and 2) city plans, mainly of Warsaw, made in connection with urban and construction activity of Saxons. Cartography, including large scale cartography, thrived during the reign of king Stanisław August Poniatowski. During that time, not only maps being the result of the king's urban and construction activity were made, but also plans elaborated for such city institutions as the Paving Committee and the Boni Ordinis Committee. The authors of large scale city maps of Poland were the best contemporary cartographers and architects, such as PR. de Tirregaille, A. Hiz, H. Jedrzejowski, M. Deutsch, J. Fontana and D. Merlini. The most numerous among the maps which have survived up to this day are the maps created in the 19th century. The partitioning states' cartographic 'production' after the third partitioning of Poland (1795) mainly concerned ownership and fiscal matters. In the period of the Duchy of Warsaw, city plans were mainly made in connection with fortification works conducted at the time. Urban cartography grew most dynamically during the constitutional period of the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1830). In order to make large scale maps of Warsaw, knowledge and organizational potential of military topographic services were used. In urban cartography, methods and models obligatorily used until the end of the 19th century were created. Also in the period of conducting regulation works which followed the implementation of the so called urban reform, many large scale urban maps were created. In the history of Polish city cartography, the 19th century is concluded with cartographic works done in connection with the construction of water supply and sewer system in Warsaw.