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EN
The considerations of the article focus on the planning power exercised by a municipality as a unilateral and authoritative determination of the purpose of the land and its development. The municipality in the capacity of a planning au­thority cannot assume an absolute and unlimited power and must act within the limits determined by applicable and binding laws. Hence, in the implementation of its land development tasks, the municipality (or local authorities) are bound by the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and other relevant laws that govern the planning authority granted to municipalities. Exceeding the limits of this planning power will occur when planning solutions prove to be arbitrary and lack substantive justification. Defective legal solutions include not only solutions that violate the law, but also those that result from a potential abuse of the competence of the municipality. Determining the land purpose and the manner of its management must reflect a reasonable and real need for the solution adopted. When the latter is detached from the legal and factual status of the land in question, a violation of planning power arises. When a municipality adopts a local plan which introduces certain restrictions in the use of the property right that is protected in the Constitution, it is obliged to apply legal measures that will be the least onerous for individual entities and which will remain in a rational proportion to the intended purposes. However, certain situations that will lead to the conflict of interests are unavoidable. Settling these conflicts in the process of law-making requires, each time, the weighing off the interests of individual property owners and the public interest of the whole local community. Individual owners may sue the municipal planning authority on the grounds of the abuse of its planning power when adopting a local land management plan and such legal actions may be effective.
Prawo
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2015
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nr 318
121 - 129
EN
Ensuring sustainable development and spatial order is the principle of the planning law. The local development plan and the decision on the conditions for construction and land development shall be consistent with this principle. This principle limits the ownership right. This right is the source of construction freedom. Construction freedom is limited inter alia by the planning law. The participants in the construction process and the authorities of the architectural and construction administration shall ensure compliance of the construction process with the local development plan and the decision on the conditions for construction and land development. The construction work, the maintenance of building structures and the legalization of the unauthorized construction shall be consistent with those acts.
3
92%
EN
The article presents selected issues of mutual acts relations that are referred in the Nature Conservation Act and Spatial Planning and Land Development Act with regard to agriculture. It points out the position of systemic farmer in natural areas of precious value. Particular attention was put on implementing restrictions on the exercise of agricultural property ownership rights as a result of established acts of planning and conservation plans. It was also specified de lege ferenda postulates for supporting farmers.
EN
Space development has, in view of limited nature of the space and persistence of its effects, axiological dimension. The regulations governing development also intervene within the range of exercising property right, what is a source of conflict of interests and what touches the issue of justice. Development of a particular space can take place under one of two competitive legal regimes. One of the regimes is established by local development plans constituting acts of local law which is commonly in force within territories covered by such the acts. In a position of the absence of a local development plan the other of the regimes, determined by rules of the law of general public order, is applied. The referred rules make the basis for giving, under the administration procedure, individual decisions on determining conditions for site development. Agricultural lands located outside administrative borders of towns, constituting arable lands of I–III class, whose contiguous area purposed for change of development classification exceeds 0.5 ha are excluded from the opportunity to obtain such a decision (a permission for development). However, the exclusion does not refer to development which fails to lose agricultural nature of a land. The courts’ decisions represent the opinion that the surface limit refers to the area which effectively is to change the way of development, not taking into consideration the land from which it was earlier parcelled out, what without doubt decreases protection level of agricultural lands. Other dissimilarity connected with determining conditions for site development of agricultural lands is departure from the statutory rule of “good neighbourhood” in case of farmstead development in farms whose surface exceeds an average farm surface area in a commune.
EN
The aim of the paper is to pinpoint criteria and key aspects that allow to compare national spatial planning systems. This identification was made on the basis of a critical analysis of the literature on the subject. It should be emphasised that the publications used in the process have been relatively rarely referred to in the Polish scientific discussion. Then, the issues identified were related to the problems of the Polish spatial planning system. An attempt was made to draw conclusions which the discussion on international classifications may lead to for the Polish system solutions.
EN
This paper discusses the question of regulation in the area of property rights that limit the transaction costs associated with real estate development externalities. Regulations in the field of civil and administrative law, even if essentially fulfilling the same role in resolving potential conflicts between the owners of real estate located in the same area, involve different approaches and legal tools. The civil law limits the scope of claims available due to local conditions on case-by-case basis, the nature of the nuisance and its intensity. However, the regulations of administrative law restrict ownership of the property in terms of its development, in particular through regulations on spatial planning and development. Transaction costs related to the internalization of externalities of property management vary depending on what procedure this management occurs. In administrative law the costs include expenses associated with the adoption of the local development plan and the implementation of its provisions, and issuing decisions on individual zoning and land use. Transaction costs in civil law, however, cover due evidence in a complicated procedure for determining whether and to what extent there has been a violation of property. At high transaction costs − both in terms of Kaldor-Hicks, and Carl J. Dahlman – the adoption of appropriate solutions in the field of administrative law is more effective. The intervention of the civil law is, however, possible and effective when transaction costs have already been reduced by the application of administrative rules.
EN
This article deals with the issues that accompany areas that may become subject to a decision determining the conditions of their development and the provisions of the local spatial development plan. It was inspired by the land development plans drafted for the city of Poznan. The author wondered whether the area in question could, alternately, be regulated by a normative or administrative act. In other words, the question which was asked was whether there existed any legal determinants that could direct an application of a particular form of development. The research undertaken in this respect allowed to draw a conclusion that the currently binding Act on Planning and Spatial Development regulates only indirectly the matters raised. And yet, for reasons of functionality, extensive areas on which many constructions are planned to be erected, ought to be located on the basis of local plans. Only such plans account for (apart from determining the technical parameters of the planned structures) values such as public transport and its effi ciency, technical infrastructure, local shopping centres and the like. Owing to them, a sustained development of these areas as well as spatial order can be ensured. Further, in an ideal model, decisions regarding the development conditions ought to be issued for individual building separately, and for relatively small areas. In the event of a large area it may be possible to secure its development in a manner signifi cantly diff erent from the existing structures. What it also means is that the new structures may be added to areas already developed, without the possibility of the local community to intervene. The possibility of an instrumental treatment of the development and land planning decisions is strengthened by the fact that formally it is not tied or related to anyof the provisions of the investment plans of feasibility studies performed locally.
EN
The problem of valorization of landscape for needs of local spatial management plans and its protection is not a novelty from the point of view of landscape architects, unfortunately it is not noticed by town planners who are responsible for their realization. Many methods of landscape valorization exists; most of them bases on map layouts which takes only two dimensions into consideration and do not provide for the third one - height - which is exactly what an average man notices when is inside the analyzed area. By doing that we disregard the space surrounding us and its sequences. There is a necessity to elaborate such a method of research which considers all three dimensions. The presented method of valorization of landscape allows, after analyzing all elements, to consider the third dimension in the moment of elaborating of spatial management of a certain area. It can be used in the process of planning landscape protection against its degradation and destruction.
PL
Pomnik Historii w Gdyni obejmuje ukształtowaną w okresie międzywojennym część Śródmieścia, której ważny fragment stanowi założenie Mola Południowego wraz z Basenem Jachtowym i aleją Jana Pawła II. Idea przestrzenna tego zespołu przedstawiona została w 1938 roku, w projekcie tzw. Dzielnicy Reprezentacyjnej, będącym bardzo oryginalną realizacją widokowego otwarcia miasta na port i morze. Ponieważ założenie to nie zostało w okresie międzywojennym dokończone, jest obecnie poddane silnej presji inwestycyjnej – zwłaszcza w rejonie ośrodka żeglarskiego. Obowiązujący plan miejscowy (2009, skorygowany w 2015) niestety dopuszcza tu zwarty sposób zabudowy, sprzeczny z historyczną koncepcją układu luźnego i otwartego na morze. Mimo że założenie Mola Południowego jest od 2007 roku objęte wpisem do rejestru zabytków, to procedury jego ochrony zawiodły, czego dowodem były wyniki przeprowadzonego w 2014 roku konkursu architektonicznego. Rozwiązaniem, które mogłoby ustrzec nas przed błędami planistycznymi powinien być „konserwatorski plan zarządzania Pomnikiem Historii”, wzorowany analogicznych planach zarządzania obiektami znajdującymi się na Liście Światowego Dziedzictwa.
EN
The Monument of History in Gdynia encompasses the part of the City Centre shaped in the interwar period, whose important part is the establishment of the South Pier together with the Yacht Harbour and John Paul II Avenue. The spatial idea of this complex was presented in 1938, in the project of the so-called Representative District, which is a very original realization of the scenic opening of the city to the port and the sea. Since this urban development was not completed in the interwar period, it is now under strong investment pressure, especially in the area of the sailing center. The current local plan (2009, amended in 2015) unfortunately allows for a compact way of development, contrary to the historical concept of a loose and open sea system. Although the establishment of the South Pier has been included in the register of monuments since 2007, the procedures for its protection have failed, as evidenced by the results of the architectural competition held in 2014. The solution that could protect us from planning errors should be a "conservation plan for the management of the Monument of History", modelled on similar plans for the management of objects included in the World Heritage List and preceding granting the status of the Monument of History.
EN
Real estate owners, whose right to use the property was infringed or heavily restricted, are entitled to request: compensation, buyout of the real estate or access to a replaceable real estate. These claims shall be subject to a limitation period. In a situation where a development plan of a given plot of land predicts a public road, the owner of that real estate is also entitled to compensation for a plot separated for the construction of the road which ex lege becomes a property of local self-government units. The claim is not subject to a limitation period.
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nr 2
EN
Among the constitutional sources of the law of the commonly binding law, the legislature has also included acts of local law. One of them is Local Spatial Management Plan, which is the most important Act of spatial and management planning. The article, by analyzing selected legal aspects of spatial planning with their current interpretation used in administrative courts, pointed out the legal consequences of enacting Local Spatial Management Plan.
PL
Pośród konstytucyjnych źródeł prawa powszechnie obowiązującego ustawodawca umieścił również akty prawa miejscowego. Jednym z nich jest miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Jest on najważniejszym aktem planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego. W artykule, poprzez analizę wybranych aspektów prawnych planowania przestrzennego z obowiązującą jego wykładnią stosowaną w sądach administracyjnych, wskazano na skutki prawne, jakie niesie za sobą uchwalenie miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego.
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2023
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tom Z. 15
127--139
PL
Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego, zwany dalej planem miejscowym, jest dokumentem planistycznym, składającym się z dwóch części – opisowej i graficznej. Zawiera on istotne informacje, które są niezbędne dla prawidłowego i optymalnego kształtowania przestrzeni. Ponadto, plany miejscowe są aktem prawa miejscowego, a zatem na ich podstawie inwestor może ubiegać się w organie administracji architektoniczno-budowlanej o pozwolenie na budowę danej inwestycji. Niestety, w kontekście terenów kolejowych zamkniętych oraz elektrowni wiatrowych przepisy prawa, a także sposób ich interpretacji utrudnia, a niekiedy wręcz uniemożliwia organowi architektoniczno-budowlanemu rozpatrzenia postępowania administracyjnego z pozytywnym rezultatem dla inwestora.
EN
The local spatial development plan, often known as the local plan, is a planning document made up of two sections: a descriptive section and a graphic section. It contains crucial details that are required for the ideal and proper design of space. Additionally, as local plans are a product of local legislation, the investor may request a building permission for a specific investment from the body overseeing architecture and construction on the basis of them. Unfortunately, the provisions of the legislation and how they are applied in the context of restricted railway zones and wind farms make it challenging – and occasionally impossible – for the authority a–b to consider administrative processes that will benefit the investor.
PL
W trakcie prac rewaloryzacyjnych pałacu i parku w Żydowie (wioska, 430 mieszkańców) poddano analizie przestrzeń zabytkowego założenia, w korelacji do układu komunikacyjnego miejscowości, w celu udokumentowania w kontekście historycznym istniejącego (głównego) wjazdu do pałacu, ewentualnie wskazania innego dojazdu i zaprojektowania drugiego (bocznego) wejścia. Przeprowadzona analiza przestrzenno-historyczna zabytkowego założenia pałacowo-parkowego jest wymogiem do projektu rewaloryzacji parku. W prowadzonych pracach rewitalizacji rezydencji w Żydowie (własność prywatna) wskazane badania przestrzenno-historyczne wytyczyły również warunki do sporządzenia planu miejscowego zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Jest on niezbędny, by wartości odnowionego zabytku zostały na stałe wpisane w całokształt planu miejscowości.
EN
During the work of the revaluation of the palace and park in the Żydowo (village, 430 inhabitants) were analyzed historical assumptions space, in correlation to the communication system of the village, in order to document the historical context of the existing (main) entrance to the palace, possibly indicating a different design directions and the second (side) entrance. Spacial and historical analysis of the layout design of the palace and park complex is a requirement for the park restoration project. The revitalization of the work carried out in the Żydowo residence (private property) indicated spatio-historical research paved the conditions for the preparation of the local development plan. It is essential that the values of the monument has been renewed permanently inscribed in the whole plan of the village.
PL
Zagospodarowanie dolnej Wisły jest obszarem problemowym obejmującym wszystkie szczeble planowania i zarządzania przestrzenią - krajowy, regionalny i lokalny. W artykule poddano analizie wybrane (najnowsze, bądź będące w fazie projektowej) dokumenty planistyczno-strategicznie determinujące aktywizację gospodarczą rzek i obszarów funkcjonalnie z nią powiązanych na odcinku dolnej Wisły. Z uwagi na znaczną liczbę obecnie obowiązujących tego typu opracowań autorzy artykułu dokonali selekcji i scharakteryzowali wybrane dokumenty, obrazujące przekrój problemów i wizję zagospodarowania przedmiotowego obszaru.
EN
Development of the lower Vistula is a problematic issue covering all the spatial planning and management levels - national, regional and local. The article analyses selected (the most recent or being designed) planning and strategic documents determining the economic activation of rivers and areas that are functionally related to it in the lower Vistula section. Due to the high number of such currently binding elaborations, the authors made a selection and characterized chosen documents presenting a cross-section of problems and a vision of the development of the said area.
15
Content available remote Obiekt budowlany a ingerencja w złoże kopaliny
47%
16
Content available remote Green areas in Białystok
47%
EN
This work contains a description of four housing estates in Białystok from different decades of the 20th century. The approximate percentage of green areas in these states was determined based on available sources. Existing development plans were analysed with a view to the records regarding greenery. Own observations allowed to define the state of green areas – their functions, accessibility, quality and relation to space. The results of the analysis made it possible to discuss the observed problems and indicated the ways to solve them.
PL
W niniejszej pracy zawarto charakterystykę czterech białostockich osiedli powstających w różnych dekadach XX w. W oparciu o dostępne źródła określono przybliżony udział zieleni na tych obszarach. Plany miejscowe obowiązujące na badanych osiedlach przeanalizowano pod kątem zapisów dotyczących zieleni. Obserwacje własne pozwoliły na określenie stanu tych obszarów: ich funkcji, dostępności, jakości i powiązania z przestrzenią. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy pozwoliły na omówienie zaobserwowanych problemów oraz wskazanie sposobów ich rozwiązania
PL
Najważniejszą zasadą planowania przestrzennego w Polsce jest zasada zachowania ładu przestrzennego. Wynikający z niej postulat – m.in. tworzenia harmonijnej całości w określonej przestrzeni – powinien zostać uwzględniony zarówno w czasie prac rady gminy nad aktami planowania przestrzennego, jak i w toku postępowania o ustalenie warunków zabudowy.
EN
The most important principle of spatial planning in Poland is the principle of maintaining spatial order. The resulting postulate – inter alia, to create a harmonious whole in a specific space – should be taken into account both during the work of the municipal council on spatial planning acts and during the procedure for the establishment of land development conditions.
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