This article offers a synthetic overview of how Jan Kochanowski's artistic legacy manifested itself in the poetry of the third-generation Romantics - Cyprian Norwid and Teofil Lenartowicz. This overview of the work of the two latter poets proves that Czarnolas was perceived by them as an invaluable model of community life in the 19th-century context. The Czarnolas community ideally matched the Romantic reflection on the sense of freedom and the grandeur of the Polish nation – living in the political subjection to the partitioners. Jan Kochanowski and his oeuvre was a vital rediscovery, which allowed the 19th-century restitution of the myth of the Old Polish epoch, with its turning back to the roots of the Polish language and its debate on the fundamental problems of the time. All these motifs feature in the poetry by Norwid and Lenartowicz, who repeatedly made reference to the topos of the Czarnolas lute to show that they credit Kochanowski with being a poet of the nation.
John Chrysostom was not only one of the most prolific and influential authors of late antiquity but also a renown preacher, exegete, and public figure. His homilies and sermons combined the classical rhetorical craft with some vivid imagery from everyday life. He used descriptions, comparisons, and metaphors that were both a rhetorical device and a reference to the real world familiar to his audience. From 9th century onwards, many of Chrysostom’s works were translated into Old Church Slavonic and were widely used for either private or communal reading. Even if they had lost the spontaneity of the oral performance, they still preserved the references to the 4th-century City, to the streets and the homes in a distant world, transferred into the 10th-century Bulgaria and beyond. The article examines how some of these urban images were translated and sometimes adapted to the medieval Slavonic audience, how the realia and the figures of speech were rendered into the Slavonic language and culture. It is a survey on the reception of the oral sermon put into writing, and at the same time, it is a glimpse into the late antique everyday life in the Eastern Mediterranean.
This article offers a synthetic overview of how Jan Kochanowski's artistic legacy manifested itself in the poetry of the third-generation Romantics - Cyprian Norwid and Teofil Lenartowicz. This overview of the work of the two latter poets proves that Czarnolas was perceived by them as an invaluable model of community life in the 19th-century context. The Czarnolas community ideally matched the Romantic reflection on the sense of freedom and the grandeur of the Polish nation – living in the political subjection to the partitioners. Jan Kochanowski and his oeuvre was a vital rediscovery, which allowed the 19th-century restitution of the myth of the Old Polish epoch, with its turning back to the roots of the Polish language and its debate on the fundamental problems of the time. All these motifs feature in the poetry by Norwid and Lenartowicz, who repeatedly made reference to the topos of the Czarnolas lute to show that they credit Kochanowski with being a poet of the nation.
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