Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Productivity vs. Lexicalization: Frequency-Based Hypotheses on Word-Formation

100%

Fernández-Domínguez J.

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nr 2

193-219

EN

This article looks at morphological productivity and lexicalization. Productivity, first, bears a significant relationship with frequency because both seem to be subtly interlinked through low-frequency items. Much the same happens between lexicalization and frequency, although their association must be seen from a different angle because lexicalized words tend to have greater frequencies than non-lexicalized words. The novelty of this paper is that it provides a link between the above two notions and corpus-based frequency figures, and then operates a formula (π) on two sets of units, some lexicalized, some synchronically analysable. The two subcorpora confirm a correct function of π to tell between words which tend to be used by means of word-formation vs. words which already exist in the individual's lexicon.

2

Contents structure of a grammar written after the formula: meaning > form

88%

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2018

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nr LXVII

3

Staropolskie konstrukcje z przyimkami. Krótka synteza

75%

Krążyńska Z.

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nr 20

193-204

EN

Structures with prepositional expressions constitute a large collection of Old Polish constructions that underwent multiple linguistic processes. As the starting point of my considerations, I assume that prepositions are not functional syntactic units. A syntactic unit, i.e. an element, is a prepositional expression, i.e. a preposition together with the nomen in the appropriate case. Prepositional expressions are an analytical form that is functionally equivalent to an inflectional case, a synthetic form. Structures with cases are considerably lexicalized in Old Polish, and the processes in which they participate are not innovative – while processes in which prepositional expressions take part radically reorganize the area of relations based on categorical spacial meanings. It is mainly the preposition itself that carries the meaning, while other ingredients of the context, especially the nomen linked by the preposition, must harmonize with it. All the other categorical spacial meanings, of which there is more than fifty, are created with the participation of a broader context. Taking this into account, I consider a majority of categorical non-spacial meanings to be transformations of spacial meanings. They can be more or less distinct; the less distinct they are, the greater the probability of a rise of government, i.e. of a formal schema “announced” by the verb.

4

Evolución semántica y lexicalización del somatismo español cerrar los ojos

75%

Pascual-López X.

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nr 3

85-98

EN

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the Invited Inferencing Theory of Se- mantic Change in order to establish the semantic evolution of idioms with literal correlates, in particular somatisms or kinegrams. The methodology is applied to analyze the testimonies (until 1700) of Spanish somatism cerrar los ojos in a diachronic corpus of Spanish language (CORDE), so as to find out what inferences generated contextual meanings that conditioned its lexicalization as idiom, semanticizing symbolic meanings related to death, sleep, knowledge, irrationality, submission or trust.

5

Wyrażenia przyimkowe z rzeczownikami 'miara', 'sposób', 'stopień', 'sens' na drodze do leksykalizacji

63%

Kisiel A.

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tom 18

225-246

EN

The author analyzes the level of lexicalization of the expressions that take the form of a prepositional phrase such as w _ mierze, do _ stopnia, w _ stopniu, w _ sposób, na _ sposób, na _ sposoby, w _ sensie. These expressions are compared with instrumental phrases _INSTR miarą and _INSTR sposobem, _INSTR sposobami that are regarded in lexicography as synonymous with the former. The analysis is based on tracing the restrictions imposed on a descriptive element and its position in the phrase. Even though most of the analysed expressions show preferences for a certain kind of a descriptive element, only few of them can be recognized as lexicalized. Those are mainly the ones taking the form of a prepositional phrase and including a pronominal descriptive element.

PL

Autorka analizuje stopień leksykalizacji wyrażeń o postaci frazy przyimkowej w _ mierze, do _ stopnia, w _ stopniu, w _ sposób, na _ sposób, na _ sposoby, w _ sensie na podstawie ograniczeń nałożonych na element określający i jego położenia wobec elementów o postaci przyimka i rzeczownika. Wyrażenia te są zestawione z uznawanymi w leksykografii za synonimiczne frazami narzędnikowymi _INSTR miarą i _INSTR sposobem, _INSTR sposobami. Z punktu widzenia przyjętych kryteriów można uznać jedynie nieliczne z badanych wyrażeń za zleksykalizowane (mimo że większość z nich wykazuje preferencje względem wyrażenia określającego). Są to przede wszystkim wyrażenia o postaci frazy przyimkowej z zaimkowym elementem określającym.

6

Uwagi o zmianach znaczenia strukturalnego formacji słowotwórczych w gwarach

63%

Jaros I.

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2015

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tom LXI

29-41

PL

Na podstawie przykładów formacji należących do dwu kategorii słowotwórczych – nazw osobowych wykonawców czynności oraz nazw środków czynności, pochodzących z terenu Polski centralnej, zostały zaprezentowane dwa procesy – leksykalizacji i wtórnego nabywania podzielności słowotwórczej przez wyrazy, w których doszło do zmian o charakterze słowotwórczym i semantycznym. Zerwanie związków motywacyjnych między derywatem a podstawą słowotwórczą zachodzi m.in. z powodu zaniku przestarzałych, archaicznych form, które były podstawą ich kreacji, funkcjonowania wyrazów o nieproduktywnych dzisiaj formantach lub pogłębiającego się rozziewu między znaczeniem podstawy a znaczeniem derywatu. Zjawisko nabywania znaczenia strukturalnego przez wyrazy zleksykalizowane lub genetycznie niepodzielne słowotwórczo spowodowana jest m.in. znanym z historii języka polskiego zjawiskiem ciążenia nazw o charakterze czynnościowym w kierunku motywacji czasownikowej.

EN

On the basis of examples of forms coming from central Poland and belonging to two derivational categories, personal names of action performers and names of manners of action, two processes have been presented namely lexicalization and the process of re-acquiring derivational divisibility by lexemes which were subjected to morphological and semantic changes. The break of motivational relations between a derivative and a root word happens i.a. due to the extinction of outdated archaic forms, which provided the basis for their creation, the functioning of words with presently unproductive formatives or the widening gap between the meaning of a root word and the meaning of a derivative. The phenomenon of gaining structural meaning by lexicalized words or words which are genetically simplex is caused i.a. by the inclination of personal names of action performers and names of manners of action towards verbal motivation as known from the history the Polish language.

7

Nová konstrukce "Karla Gotta nemusím" v češtině a slovenštině: případ lexikalizace, pragmatikalizace nebo začínající degramatikalizace?

51%

Hansen B. , Nekula M. , Banášová M.

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nr 4

243-267

EN

This article deals with the construction “Karla_Gotta_nemusím” [I don’t have to have Karel Gott] which has recently developed in the Czech and Slovak youth language variety and began spreading to other registers. The contribution is based on a questionnaire carried out among students in Prague, Brno and Trnava. The linguistic analysis is inspired by Construction Grammar. In this specific constructional context involving negation, the original modal verbs of necessity are used as main verbs with the new meaning ‘to dislike’, which is accompanied by a change in the complementation pattern: instead of an infinitive phrase, the modals govern a nominal phrase in the accusative. The second part of the article is dedicated to the question of whether the development of the modals muset and musieť [must, have to] into the construction “Karla_Gotta_nemusím” presents a case of a) lexicalization, b) pragmaticalization, or c) degrammaticalization. This is an instance of a change from a modal auxiliary verb to a lexical one, which could be treated as one of the very rare instances of degrammaticalization.