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Opieka nad nieletnimi w rodzinach szlacheckich w Koronie w XVII wieku. Zarys problematyki i perspektywy badawcze

100%

Pielas J.

tom 37

nr 1

93-106

The article outlines the problems and research prospects of one of the most common legal institution that was typical of the old-Polish gentry families – the guardianship of minors, which has not been researched in the historical literature so far. The author reminds that in the ancient Polish law there were four ways of establishing the guardianship of minors, which were called: paternal, natural, official and autocratic. Each one of the four might commence only when the previous one had ceased. The author presents the most important findings made by law historians and underlines that they treat with the practical functioning of the guardianship in the reality of the 17th-century gentry of the Crown only superficially. We might familiarise with that practice thanks to other than normative sources, massive in character, namely the old-Polish last wills. In addition to establishing the guardianship, they contain many hints on how to educate and bring up minors. Undoubtedly, the most interesting question is what the guardians were actually doing. And here the essential question is whether their guardianship was good enough, whether they took care of the child (upkeep, upbringing, education) and of the child’s property. One of the objectives of the author of this article will be to present the most common activities undertaken by guardians, that is to say the ‘model’ behaviour of guardians. At the same time – wherever it is possible – it is worth attempting to present the reaction of the children to their guardians’ actions. In this context, there appears a fundamental problem of the scale and kinds of the abuses committed by the guardians, first of all concerning the minors’ land properties, including delaying the people they were in charge of entering into marriage in order to extend the period of their running their land property. An exceptionally important function of the institution of guardianship in the life of the gentry family combined with the research possibilities included in the 17th-century sources offer optimistic prospects for a comprehensive study, which would present the guardianship in gentry families and facilitate a better understanding of how the gentry family functioned in the Crown in the modern times.

Legal Guardianship of Minors. Selected Issues

72%

Baranowska-Bolesta M.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

2020

tom 29

nr 1

The article addresses selected issues concerning legal guardianship of minors in Poland. The study points to the specific nature of legal guardianship and the purpose for which it is established. Legal guardianship results from the legal obligation and involves the exercise of custody of the person for whom it was established. Therefore, it covers the custody over the person, property management and representation of the ward. The appointment of a guardian, i.e. a specific person designated to exercise the custody, should be distinguished from the establishment of guardianship itself. In the process of selection of the guardian by the guardian court, the welfare of the child is the decisive factor. This is the overriding criterion and it comes to the fore of the proceedings. The principle of the child’s welfare also applies to other decisions made by the guardianship court during the guardianship. The article specifically discusses issues whose resolution may raise interpretative doubts. These include, i.a., the guardianship exercised jointly by spouses, the catalogue of negative preconditions excluding the possibility of exercising the guardianship of minors, and the obligation for the guardian to obtain authorisation in all important matters relating to the ward.

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące opieki prawnej nad małoletnim. W opracowaniu zwrócono uwagę na szczególny charakter opieki oraz cel, ze względu na który jest ustanawiana. Opieka prawna wynika ze zobowiązującego do tego tytułu prawnego i polega na sprawowaniu pieczy nad osobą, dla której została ustanowiona. Swym zakresem obejmuje pieczę nad osobą, zarząd majątkiem oraz reprezentację podopiecznego. Od ustanowienia opieki należy odróżnić ustanowienie opiekuna, będące powołaniem oznaczonej osoby do sprawowania pieczy. Przy wyborze przez sąd opiekuńczy osoby opiekuna decydujące znaczenie ma dobro dziecka. Jest to kryterium nadrzędne i wysuwa się na pierwszy plan toczącego się postępowania. Zasada dobra dziecka ma zastosowanie również w przypadku innych wydawanych przez sąd opiekuńczy rozstrzygnięć w toku trwania opieki. W artykule w szczególności omówiono zagadnienia, których rozstrzygnięcie może nasuwać wątpliwości interpretacyjne. Należą do nich m.in. wspólne sprawowanie opieki przez małżonków, katalog negatywnych przesłanek wyłączających możliwość sprawowania pieczy nad małoletnim oraz obowiązek uzyskiwania zezwolenia przez opiekuna we wszystkich ważniejszych sprawach dotyczących podopiecznego.

Zarzadzanie kryzysowe

29%

Gołębiewski J.

Wiedza Obronna

2001

tom nr 1

76--97