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EN
The evaluation of employees is currently one of the fundamental managerial tasks of each employer. The assessment of employees is used for documentation and recapitulation of the employee’s job performance, which is associated with particular tasks. This can be a very important tool for the management of an organisation and the method of evaluation of the performance of its own employees. The Czech Republic is facing some difficulties when recruiting policemen and policewomen. This is mainly due to the lengthy process of recruitment and examination, which takes place before the actual hiring. In addition, the candidates must pass tests in the field of mental endurance, physical fitness etc. There is a similar situation to be observed at the Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic, where they want to recruit 8,000 personnel but do not have enough potential candidates. This will become a serious issue for the personnel department of the Czech Ministry of Defence, especially if President Donald Trump decides to reduce the number of US troops. The innovative element of this scientific article is that the whole issue is brought together with the various laws and regulations of the Civil Code of the Czech Republic, which is compared with the Labour Code and also applied to members of the armed security forces. The object of this article is to highlight the need and importance of effective evaluationof candidates in connection with various methods of employee evaluation in the context of the Czech Civil Code and Labour Code. The article describes the fundamentals of the evaluation process.
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In the Habsburg monarchy, probate documentation began to be compiled in the era of enlightened absolutism; it accompanied the building of a modern state, which was to be characterized by a unified legal framework guaranteed by the state. This ‘Enlightenment dream’ was made a reality not only by passing and enforcing ever more laws, but also by attempts to train lawyers in the new legal environment – and through them, to educate citizens. In a previous article I focused on legislation dating from 1740-1790; the present study builds on the previous findings by examining the various sets of instructions and reference manuals which were intended to inform people of the process by which probate proceedings took place. This process involved a wide range of interested parties – judges, legal representatives, and ordinary people with an interest in the inheritance. Ordinary people needed the clearest possible description of the probate proceedings, and this need gave rise to various legal manuals and sets of instructions. The study focuses on the probate proceedings as described in manuals by Anton von Foedransperg and Joseph Voglhueber (1789), general instructions issued in 1785, instructions for Galicia (1796), Tyrol and Vorarlberg (1824), and Bukovina (1848). In addition to these ‘educational’ materials, I also mention the 1810 legislation governing inheritance taxes and the general civil code of 1811; these legislative instruments had a major impact on probate proceedings and thus influenced later instructions. For researchers today, such manuals and instructions are of great value because they summarize the process in a way that is comprehensible to ordinary people – and thus also to modern historians – and reveal interesting insights into the period in question.
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Content available remote Wpływ rynku giełdowego na procesy transformacji
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PL
W artykule prześledzono proces ewolucji rynku giełdowego jako elementu wywierającego wpływ na procesy transformacji. Wykazano współzależność poszczególnych etapów rozwoju rynku z dokonującą się transformacją polskiej gospodarki. Ponadto artykuł przedstawia ocenę dotychczasowej działalności rynku giełdowego w Polsce.
EN
In this article, the process of the evolution of the stock market as an influential element on the transformation process has been analyzed. The interdependence of the consecutive phases of the market development with the transformation of the Polish economy has been proved. Moreover, the article presents an evaluation of the current activity of the stock market.
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EN
An unambiguous settlement of the legal nature of the act of establishing a foundation in a will is in fact a problematic issue. It seems obvious that it constitutes a legal act in the event of death. It seems that the view presented in the doctrine regarding the possibility of establishing a foundation in a will requires a certain correction. In casu it may transpire that such an act may be classified as a legal act between the living. This results from the possibility of making a distinction between the act of establishing a foundation in a will and the fact of establishing it as the beneficiary of the inheritance. This undoubtedly affects the legal situation of the established foundation, as well as the sphere of inheritance from the bequeather-testator. In any case, however, only the assessment of a specific actual state, and in particular the actual content of dispositions made by the testator, may allow for a proper classification of individual actions.
EN
Controversies accompanying corporate disputes are detrimental to the confidence of trade and eco­nomic turnover. The legal nature of resolutions of corporate bodies in companies is an issue of cur­rent relevance which is intrinsically linked to many further aspects of corporate disputes, including appealing against resolutions. The said issue requires comprehensive commentary primarily because sometimes the availability of a particular remedy is governed by the prior determination of legal nature of the contested act of will. Statements presented in doctrine and jurisprudence are not consistent in the presented matter. Taking into account the autonomous procedure of appealing only against the shareholders’ resolu­tions (art. 249–254 or art. 422–427 of the Code of Commercial Companies), which is independent of legal nature of contested resolution, the burden of the problem, at first glance, focuses on the resolutions of other bodies (the management board, the supervisory board and the audit committee). However, when considering, for instance, the concept of non-existent resolutions, it turns out that the problem relates to resolutions of all corporate bodies. Not to mention the issue of defects of will, regulated in art. 82–88 of the Civil Code. To answer whether a flawed resolution is appealable on the background of the general provisions (art. 58 of the Civil Code in connection with art. 189 of the Code of Civil Procedure), firstly, it must be determined whether a specific resolution can be qualified as a legal act. The Authors of the article, beside presentation of dominant concepts on the legal nature of resolution, specify the importance of the said issue to the whole matter of corporate disputes and identify the most convincing solutions.
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Content available remote Uchwała zgromadzenia wspólników spółki kapitałowej sprzeczna z ustawą
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EN
In doctrine and jurisprudence, serious doubts arise in the context of the regulations concerning the situation in which resolution of the shareholders’ meeting of a company is contrary to the law. The main problem arises due to the unexplained relationship between the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting of companies, or more broadly by the resolution of the legal and statutory bodies, and the legal act. A derivative of this dispute is the ongoing dispute over whether the decision stating the contradiction of the resolution with law is of a constitutive nature, or whether it only states that the resolution has not had any legal eff ects since its adoption.
PL
W pracy opisane zostały dyrektywy Unii Europejskiej, z których wynikają wymagania odnośnie rodzajów stosowanych współcześnie, w gospodarstwach domowych, źródeł światła. Na tle historii rozwoju, stosowanych do celów oświetleniowych, lamp elektrycznych, przedstawiona została analiza technicznych aspektów bezpieczeństwa fotobiologicznego. Uwzględnione zostały także zagadnienia wpływu światła na zdrowie człowieka. Opisane zostały również dokumenty prawne dotyczące bezpieczeństwa fotobiologicznego źródeł światła i opraw oświetleniowych.
EN
The paper describes the European Union directive, which provided requirements for type and energy efficiency of light sources used in modern households. An analysis of the impact of different kind of light sources on human health are also presented. In the paper legal documents concerning photobiological safety of lamps and luminaries are taken under consideration.
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