The earliest grave markers on the territory of Estonia are trapezium-shaped grave plates from the 13th-14th centuries – they show different symbols but usually no text. Gravestones in churches mostly date back to the 14th-17th centuries, but usually no Estonian names appear on them. The oldest partly preserved grave monuments bearing Estonian names are wheel crosses in churchyards in Northern Estonia, mainly originating from the late 16th century and 17th century. These are masterful monuments with fine finishing, bearing fragments of texts from the early period of written Estonian language. Regarding the frequency of their occurrence, wheel crosses are rather rare grave monuments which could not have been afforded by just any peasant. The texts on them were in German or Estonian, also some in Latin. In addition to names and dates, the text include information about the family, their trade and parentage, village names and other facts. Texts on these crosses gives information how literate were the masters who made them. In order to understand wheel crosses more fully, their art historical, ethnographic and religious background must be considered in addition to their linguistic aspects.
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This article presents the Spanish material from an unknown 19th century dictionary published in S. Petersburg by P.S. Pallas. After a brief biographical note, followed by the presentation of the lexicographic material, its analysis in terms of its transliteration, phonetics, morphology and lexical features is presented. As usual, it turns out that the study of any unknown material reveals new linguistic surprises and is an infallible way to increase the knowledge, even to a limited extent, of the history of any language. Keywords: historical lexicography, language history, phonetics, m
Der Beitrag enthält einen theoretischen und methodologischen Umriss der interdisziplinären Untersuchungen der Phraseologie, in dem wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse der Etymologie und Kultursemiotik integriert werden. Das angebotene Modell platziert Phraseologismen in den Kontext der sprachhistorischen Recherche, die eins der größten Defizite der aktuellen Phraseologieforschung bildet. Die dargestellte Methodologie umfasst auch komparative interlinguale Forschungsaspekte.
EN
The paper contains a theoretical and methodological outline of research into phraseology which integrates evaluations of etymology and the semiotics of culture. The research model presented places the phraseological units in the context of the historical research of language which is one of the most remarkable deficits in the contemporary research into phraseology. The methodology presented covers also some comparative interlingual aspects.
PL
Artykuł zawiera zarys teoretyczny i metodologiczny badań interdyscyplinarnych nad frazeologią integrujący rozpoznania naukowe etymologii i semiotyki kultury. Opisywany model plasuje frazeologizmy w kontekście badań historycznojęzykowych, które stanowią jeden z najdotkliwszych deficytów współczesnej frazeologii. Przedstawiona metodologia obejmuje także komparatywne aspekty interlingualne.
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