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EN
The article presents the stylistic and functional analysis of names of enemies and defenders used in secret journals from the January Uprising. The language treatments of the editors (metaphorisation od meanings, uncharacterized synonyms) were also taken into consideration. Thanks to them they could transfer monothematic contents and perform ideological and canvassing tasks. The examined category of names constitutes a significant language element of those texts, which enables to address the key issues of political language in the conspiracy press, in particular the system of norms and values that it represents and the means for its implementation in specific linguistic behaviours.
EN
This article presents the section of widespread research devoted to children with a severe delay in speech development; the delay which cannot be linked to any reachable etiological factors – as in case of late bloomers (LB) or children with specific language impairment (SLI). Making an accurate diagnosis, namely distinguishing late bloomers from late talkers before reaching the age of three is currently impossible because of the lack of research reports on LB. Late blooming is the borderline phenomenon of developmental norm, thus it is not in the subject of clinicians’ interest. However, after careful familiarising with the history of research on SLI and numerous reservations about its methodology – our attention was concentrated on late bloomers as a group that is much closer, in terms of development profile (not only linguistic), to SLI-PE (expressive form of this disorder) than younger, properly developing children, who constitute the main comparative group at most research carried out in the world. The study of detailed developmental profile of late bloomers and children with SLI may contribute to the refinement of methods and research tools which are at our disposal and to earlier diagnosis of SLI in the future.
EN
The article discusses the preliminary results of research into the language corpus of the Polish parliamentary transcripts. Emphasis has been placed on a study of the emotional level of randomly selected transcripts. Two important lexemes (concept): niezawisłość and niepodległość have been studied by academics in terms of their use in transcripts. The frequency of these words has been estimated. Moreover, the semantic transformations of these words depending on the use of these lexemes in this discourse have been subjected to an academic study
EN
The article is about problem of expressing verbal expression in the texts essay of Yu Kobyletskyi. Purpose. identify and describe stylistic expressive units used by the author of collections of essays. Methods: descriptive (inventory and describe linguistic units on stylistic grounds), semantic analysis, which found existing between the expressive language units communications system, and especially the tropics inherent essay texts of Yu. Kobyletskyi. Results. Essays of Yuriy Kobyletsky is kind of an attempt to prove that Ukrainian culture even in all the Soviet space was represented by true masters of high art. The most common means of verbal expression in the text of Yu. Kobyletskyi essay, reflecting individual artist's worldview, there are stylistic tropes and figures: metaphor, personification, simile, antithesis, adjectives, hyperbole, litotes, allusions, combining different styles vocabulary that help tie together and convey to the audience seemingly contradictory events and phenomena witnessed was an outstanding scholar and writer.
PL
W niniejszym artykule prezentujemy fragment szeroko zakrojonych badań poświęconych problematyce dzieci z poważnym opóźnieniem w rozwoju mowy; opóźnieniem, którego nie można wiązać z żadnym uchwytnym czynnikiem etiologicznym (jak w wypadku dzieci z późnym rozkwitem mowy LB – ang. late bloomers, czy dzieci ze specyficznym zaburzeniem językowym – SLI, ang. specific language impairment). Postawienie trafnej diagnozy przed ukończeniem 3. r.ż. dziecka, tj odróżnienie zjawiska late bloomers od late talkers, czyli dzieci później rozkwitających pod względem językowym od później mówiących jest obecnie niemożliwe ze względu na brak doniesień z badań poświęconych dzieciom z LB i analiz porównawczych. Późniejszy rozkwit mowy to zjawisko z pogranicza normy rozwojowej, dlatego nie stanowi ono przedmiotu zainteresowań klinicystów. Jednak po uważnym zapoznaniu się z historią badań nad SLI i licznymi zastrzeżeniami dotyczącymi ich metodologii – naszą uwagę skupiły dzieci z LB, jako znacznie bardziej zbliżone pod względem profilu rozwoju (nie tylko językowego) do SLI-PE (postać ekspresywna tego zaburzenia) niż młodsze, prawidłowo rozwijające się dzieci, które w większości badań prowadzonych na świecie stanowią główną grupę porównawczą dla SLI. Opracowanie szczegółowego profilu rozwojowego dzieci z SLI i LB może przyczynić się do udoskonalenia metod i narzędzi, jakimi dysponujemy i będziemy dysponować w przyszłości dla wcześniejszego rozpoznawania SLI.
EN
This article presents the section of widespread research devoted to children with a severe delay in speech development; the delay which cannot be linked to any reachable etiological factors – as in case of late bloomers (LB) or children with specific language impairment (SLI). Making an accurate diagnosis, namely distinguishing late bloomers from late talkers before reaching the age of three, is currently impossible because of the lack of research reports on LB. Late blooming is the borderline phenomenon of developmental norm, thus, it is not in the subject of clinicians’ interest. However, after careful familiarising with the history of research on SLI and numerous reservations about its methodology – our attention was concentrated on late bloomers as a group that is much closer, in terms of development profile (not only linguistic), to SLI-PE (expressive form of this disorder) than younger, properly developing children, who constitute the main comparative group at most research carried out in the world. The study of detailed developmental profile of late bloomers and children with SLI may contribute to the refinement of methods and research tools which are at our disposal and to earlier diagnosis of SLI in the future.
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