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Luminescence dating of sediments using individual mineral grains

100%

Duller G. A. T. , Murray A. S.

tom Vol. 5

87--106

Luminescence is widely used to produce absolute ages for the time of deposition of a variety of types of sediments. The method relies upon the assumption that all grains are exposed to sufficient daylight prior to deposition for their luminescence signal to be reduced to a negligible level. Recent research has focused on the analysis of the luminescence signal from single mineral grains to produce an age. At this scale it is possible to identify different populations of "mineral grains within a sample - some of which were bleached at deposition and some which were not. The methods involved in such analyses are discussed, and examples are given of depositional environments where this type of analysis is essential.

Wastewater treatment in an integrated laboratory system

100%

Lavrova S. , Koumanova B.

nr 1

Integrated laboratory system consisted of three stages - activated sludge reactor, biofilter and subsurface vertical flow wetland was used to treat two types of wastewaters differed in their generation and pollution. Wastewaters from a pig farm as well as from a landfill site for domestic wastes were used in the experiments. The BOD/COD ratio of the wastewaters from a pig farm and from the landfill leachate was 0.5 and 0.07, respectively. In the first stage of the integrated system was achieved COD removal (48 % for the piggery wastewater for 3 days and 62.3 % for the landfill leachate after 4 days). BOD removal (55.6 %) for the piggery wastewater was achieved in 3 days and 24.9 % - for the landfill leachate after 4 days. The decreasing of organics at aerobic conditions was accompanied with the ammonium ions decreasing - 1.5 times for the piggery wastewater and 4 times for the leachate. In the second stage - biofilter without aeration, an additional organic loading decreasing was achieved. The COD decreased from 820.9 mg/dm3 to 274.3 mg/dm3 for piggery wastewater and for the leachate - from 869.5 mg/dm3 to 423.6 mg/dm3. The BOD values decreased from 384.1 mg/dm3 to 106.8 mg/dm3 for the piggery wastewater and for leachate - from 117.8 mg/dm3 to 57.4 mg/dm3. The ammonium ions were eliminated from both types of wastewaters. In the third stage (subsurface vertical flow wetland) the emission standards for discharge into the sewage collection systems or into the water bodies are met.