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Osada kultury pucharów lejkowatych ze stan. Nad Wawrem w Złotej, gm. Samborzec, woj. świętokrzyskie

100%

Matraszek B.

nr 55

123-174

The site “Nad Wawrem at Złota (woj. świętokrzyskie) lies some 7 km SW of Sandomierz (Fig. 1) on the SE margin of the Sandomierz Highland, close to where it borders on the valley of the Vistula River (J. Kondracki 1994, 212). The settlement occupies an extensive loess elevation in the form of spur bounded by the valleys of the Koprzywianka and Polanówka streams (Fig. 1). Such location is consistent with many of the features characteristic of Funnel Beaker Culture pattern of settlement distinguished in the Sandomierz Highland (H. Kowalewska-Marszałek 1992, 246–250). The present study is an analysis of finds recovered from the Funnel Beaker settlement, found in the collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. In 1926–1930 R. Jakimowicz, Z. Szmit and J. Żurowski, on behalf of Państwowe Grono Konserwatorów Zabytków Przedhistorycznych (Corps des Conservateurs d’Ètat des Monuments Préhistorique), explored a multi-culture site close to the village of Złota. Work on the site “Nad Wawrem was carried out mainly in 1926, 1927 and 1929. Some 3 ha were excavated and 572 features uncovered. The Funnel Beaker settlement at the site “Nad Wawrem occupies a central place of the studied area. Most probably the site was investigated in full. Existence of planned layout may be traced in the distribution of pits, which apparently were arranged around a central open space (Fig. 2). Material associated with Funnel Beaker culture was recovered from 10 pits, presumably used for different economic purposes. Basing on their shape, as seen in cross-section, features were distinguished into types one and two. Type one was basin-like in section while the section of type two pits was irregular with many internal divisions (Table 1). The first group included pits no. 387, 397, 407, the latter a set of four pits, (Fig. 8, 9, 26). All were circular in outline, measuring 1.5–1.6 m in their upper section and had a maximum depth of 0.50 m, with uniform fill. Features of the other group having an irregular and segmented section included pits no. 378, 401, 402, 404, 406, 416 (Fig. 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 25, 28). Their interior was rather complex, with recesses branching out at the pit bottom or sides, stairs, steps; their fill was far from uniform and included a number of distinct layers. In their upper section these pits measured between 2.9 and 4.3 m, reaching the maximum depth of 1.7 m. Unlike the basin-sectioned pits of the first group, type two pits produced a rich and varied assortment of material evidence. Pits with a basin-like section may probably be interpreted as remains of small sunken cellars protected against the elements by some type of roofing difficult to reconstruct (B. Balcer 1989, 349–351). Alternately, they may be traces of clay extraction for building purposes i.e., clay-pits (B. Balcer 1989, 352; S. Kadrow 1992, 36) or traces of other activities pursued by inhabitants of the settlement (J. M. Michalak-Ścibior, H. Taras 1995, 78). Interpretation of the function served by the other group of pits is more difficult. In view of the rich assortment of finds recovered from them they may be linked with construction of raised dwellings. Although excavations failed to produce direct evidence of the presence such structures their existence is suggested by the presence of fragments of construction daub inside the fill of these pits (B. Balcer 1989; Z. Krzak 1963, 81–82). A small number of structures associated with raised dwellings is known from other Funnel Beaker settlements (B. Burchard 1977, 65–67, fig. 4; A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1993, 126, fig. 41; A. Pelisiak 1985, 23–24, fig. 11, 12, 15, 16; J. Romanow, K. Wachowski, B. Miszkiewicz 1973, 23–29, 81–83, fig. 8–10; H. Schirning 1979b, 242; 1979c, 244–245; H. Wiklak 1975, 49; 1986, fig. 3, 4; W. H. Zimmermann 1979, 247, fig. 16). Structures presumably associated with cult were also recorded in megalithic tombs (W. Chmielewski 1952, 18–19; K. Gorczyca 1979/1981, 6, 17–18, fig. 4–9; I. Jadczykowa 1970, 135). It is also worth recalling that the function of the discussed group of pits may have been changed over the period they were in use (B. Balcer 1989, 351). At the present level of knowledge it is difficult to establish what location the discussed features occupied within the settlement. They may have been found inside buildings, under their floor or alternately, outdoors, protected by the roof of the building or a greater distance from the dwellings. B. Balcer proposed a similar location in case of trapezoid pits in his study of the settlement at Ćmielów (B. Balcer 1989, fig. 19). 3087 pottery fragments were analysed; two entire vessels survived intact (Fig. 12n, 22g), nine were reconstructed (Fig. 7k, 17a, 21e,j, 27b). On the basis of so fragmentary an inventory little may be said about the assortment of vessel forms but appears to have been relatively rich. A large group was formed by funnel beakers and vessels having a funnel-like neck and by pot-like storage vessels with a large opening. Amphorae, amphora-like vessels, cups with ansa lunata handles and collared flasks, represent a much smaller group. Vessels of small dimensions were also encountered. It is probable that the assortment of pottery also included bowls and jugs. In dimension the vessels ranged from very small specimens through a series of intermediate specimens to large, storage vessels. Predominant forms were presumably slender vessels with a high-set shoulder. Among funnel beakers two types and three variants were distinguished (A I 1–3, A II) as well as one type of S-shaped beakers profile (A III). Amphorae were distinguished into four types: B I–IV. Micromorphological differences in pottery consisted mainly in the different modelling of vessel rims. The modelling of the vessel base was in all specimens similar, differing only in the different degree of sloping out of the vessel wall near the base, a feature dependent on the vessel form and the modelling of a distinct vessel foot. In terms of production technique the ceramic material largely resembles pottery known from other sites of the Funnel Beaker culture, SE group (W. Gumiński 1989, 39–40). Ceramic vessels were characterised by highly uniform preparation of the raw material, firing and surface finish. Technological group A was distinguished including subgroups A 1–3 identified on the basis of secondary attributes i.e., manner of surface finish, thickness of vessel walls and amount of temper used. Mineral temper was used in the form of fine-grained sand and ground potsherds which was added in substantial quantity and mixed quite uniformly in the entire ceramic mass. The temper is not apparent on vessel surface and may be seen only in the breaks. Group B was also distinguished on the basis of heavy post-depositional surface wear of potsherds which otherwise were typified by the same technological attributes characteristic for the technological group A. Ornamentation consisted mostly of one or two, more rarely, a larger number of designs. The most typical patterns consisted of one or two elements arranged horizontally, more seldom, vertically or horizontally and vertically. The ornament was made externally under the vessel rim, at the point of junction of the neck and the vessel body more rarely, below the handles, on their edges or on the vessel body. Exceptionally there was an all-over ornament (pinched ornament on storage vessels). Individual vessel types tended to be associated with specific ornamentation motifs. It was typical for funnel beakers to be decorated with an ornament of stamps of diverse shapes arranged in rows (Fig. 12h, 17f, 21a,b, 29a,g) or zigzags (Fig. 12i, 22e, 29f,ł) and the stab-and-drag lines (Fig. 7b,g, 17g,o,r,u, 21c, 22f, 27d, 29c). A more rare form of plastic ornament were cordons placed at the neck and vessel body junction or U- and M-shaped cordons placed below the curve of the neck (Fig. 17t, 21e, 27d, 29k). Sporadically, a notched ornament was observed forming a zigzag enclosing from below a band of stamps (Fig. 17o) or cord impressions in the form of a horizontally arranged line (Fig. 18a, 21j), at times interrupted by flat bosses (Fig. 29k). Storage vessels tended to be decorated with a plastic ornament by thickening the vessel rim to form a ledge or a cordon below the vessel mouth additionally covered with a pinched ornament (Fig. 17p) or stamp impressions (Fig. 4a). A characteristic ornament for these vessels are the narrow slats finger-impressed (Fig. 4c, 22a). A striking form of decoration is seen on storage vessels only where the entire vessel body and the neck were covered with a pinched ornament (Fig. 17e,h). Amphorae were decorated only rarely with a plastic ornament in the form of a cordon placed at the vessel neck and body junction, occasionally additionally notched (Fig. 27a). Other striking objects of fired clay were also recovered from the analysed features: a fragment of a cylindrical loom-weight (Fig. 7j), four entire clay spindlewhorls (including a stamp-ornamented specimen) and their three fragments (Fig. 12b,f, 17j, 22j,l), two fragments of small clay battle axes (Fig. 22k) and a realistically rendered representation of a ram’s head originally crowning a vessel handle (Fig. 29n). Technologically these items do not differ from pottery vessels. The only difference, in case of spindlewhorls, is the content of mineral temper, higher than in vessels. An interesting find from the recess of pit no. 401 was a clay pipe (Fig. 13j). A similar specimen is known from a Funnel Beaker settlement at Ćmielów, pit no. 49 (Z. Podkowińska 1950, 129, pl. XXXIX:4). Objects resembling the find from Złota have been interpreted variously as aids used in feeding babies (so-called biberons), spoons, mortars, pipe stems or crucibles used in copper metallurgy (J. A. Bakker, J. C. Vogel, T. Wiślański 1969, 227; W. Gumiński 1989, 114) – unlikely items having a different chronology, formed and function all lumped together. The finds from Złota and Ćmielów were subjected to spectrogaphy analysis by specialists of the State Archaeological Museum to determine the chemical composition of residue substances found on them. This helped to exclude metallurgy and suggested at the same time possible connection of analysed residue with remains of plant ashes (L. Koziorowska 1995). Of 54 flint finds associated with Funnel Beaker culture recovered at Złota, site “Nad Wawrem most were made of the local Świeciechów flint. The variety from Volhynia and banded flint were much less common (Table 2). Flint objects appear to have been heavily used. Many tools show substantial degree of wear (axes with damaged blades (Fig. 18g,h, 30e,f), change of function (axes showing traces of reuse as hammerstones (Fig. 18c, 30c) and repair (retouched blades with steeply retouched edges (Fig. 18d, 27f, table 3, 4). Generally the structure of the analysed flint inventory (Table 5) is typical for settlements of flint tool users (B. Balcer 1975, 186). 10 tools represent stone finds. All were subjected to petrography analysis (P. Bylina, R. Michniak – archive of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw) mainly, to identify their raw material and its source of origin (Table 6). It was established that different stone material was used in manufacturing stone tools. Inhabitants of the settlement at Złota used material from local deposits – stone from the main ridge and the foreland of the Central Polish Highlands (Góry Świętokrzyskie) and material found in the direct vicinity of the site at Złota, from erratics of the Middle Polish or Northern Polish glaciation in the valley of Kamienna River and from the Polish Lowlands. Material was also brought over greater distances, as e.g., serpentine marble from Silesia and silicificated marl probably from Carpathian Mts. Field notes from the excavation also noted that quernstones were found in the pit fill (some 5 specimens) but unfortunately they were not collected from the site after the excavation. According to J. Żurowski, head of the expedition, one of the quernstones was made of granite. The inventory of bone objects included 29 tools (entire and in fragments) and a fragment of an ornament. Nearly a half of all implements were various types of awls – 13 items (Fig. 13a–e,i, 14l, 18j,k,ł,m, 22n,o). The next largest group are adzes – 7 specimens (Fig. 7ł, 13g,h,k, 14ł, 30h,i). Other bone tools included two perforators (Fig. 14k, 18i), two dagger fragments, which may originally have belonged to a single specimen (Fig. 13f), a point, (Fig. 14j), a punch (Fig. 7l), four fragments of indeterminate tools (Fig. 12a, 14h, 22m, 30g) and an amulet fashioned from a horse tooth (tusk) (Fig. 18n, table 7). All the analysed items are characterised by careful execution. They were produced from bone of both domesticated and wild animals (Table 8) (See Annex). Classification of bone tools into individual groups clearly shows that the morphology and properties of the bone material strictly conditioned their shape. The style of ceramic vessels places the Funnel Beaker settlement, site “Nad Wawrem at Złota, in the classical phase of development of the SE group. The set of Funnel Beaker pottery from the discussed settlement shows high homogeneity and should clearly be associated with the classical phase of the SE group of Funnel Beaker Culture, the Bronocice phase II (BR II), dated to the period between 3540–3340/3180 BC cal. (2900–2700/2600 bc conv.) (J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1983, 310), with which it shares the largest number of elements. A small number of features should be linked also with phases BR I and BR III. Features characteristic for phase BR II in evidence in the discussed material include: the slender form of vessels which taper near the base (Fig. 4h, 7k, 17a), sack-like vessels with an “arcade ornament of the rim (Fig. 4c, 22a), amphorae with a broad proportioned or biconical body with knee-shaped handles set at the greatest vessel diameter (Fig. 12n), collared flasks (Fig. 12j, 17c, 29d), amphorae with handles extended with plastic projections (Fig. 17l), small beakers with small arc-like cordons below the neck curve (Fig. 21e, 27d, 29k) and slender ansa lunata handles (Fig. 29m). The prevailing ornamentation technique are stamp impressions arranged into diverse motifs (Fig. 12d,h,i, 17f, 21a,b, 22b,e, 29a,f,g,ł). Analogically as in other assemblages associated to phase BR II sporadically encountered ornamentation includes engraved lines (Fig. 21e,j), and incisions (Fig. 17o, 29b). Also in terms of the manner of execution and preparation of the ceramic mass materials from the discussed settlement have their counterparts in phase BR II (B. Burchard 1977, 75; A. Kokowski 1995, 155; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1981a, 89–92; 1983). Different categories of artifacts analysed in the study show traces of intensive use, damage and reworking. This probably sheds some light on t

Kultura pucharów lejkowatych na obszarze dawnych Prus Wschodnich (w świetle źródeł ceramicznych)

63%

Kukawka S. , Małecka-Kukawka J.

tom Tom XXXI

7–39

According to Konrad Jażdżewski (1936), almost all of East Prussia was the farthest north-eastern area of the TRB. The article verified the published information about the pottery of this culture. Seven sites were unambiguously verified negative. The text and Figure 1 show 12 potential sites for which no illustrations of pottery have been found in the literature (Fig. 1 and text: 1-12) as well as 17 positively verified sites (Fig. 1 and text: 13-29). There are five sites associated with the permanent settlement of the TRB, which can be described as settlements (Fig. 1 and text: 18-22) and a swamp deposit (Fig. 1 and text: 28). It is possible that the alleged grave should be added to this group (Fig. 1 and text: 11). In five cases, TRB pottery can be considered as imported in a foreign, sub-Neolithic cultural environment of the Zedmar culture or Narva/Pit-Comb Ware culture (Fig. 1 and text: 23-27; site 27 located outside East Prussia - in Latvia). All sites associated with the TRB settlement form a small enclave in the east of Prussia (north-western part of the Iława Lake District and Żuławy Wiślane). Most of the sites included in this article are also concentrated there. The results significantly verify the extent of the TRB settlement proposed by K. Jażdżewski (1936), which is still often referred to by archaeologists (including, unfortunately, also Polish). This enclave is undoubtedly connected with the farthest north-eastern big centre of the TRB in the Chełmno Land (Adamczak, Kukawka, Małecka-Kukawka 2018). From here, the transmission of settlement to the north was carried out through the right-bank part of the Vistula River’s urstromtal and the adjacent western part of the Iława Lake District. In the Chełmno Land, the TRB can be divided into two main phases (stages of development) - the older one (around 4200/4100-3700/3600 BC) and the younger one (around 3700/3600-2900/2800 BC) with a transitional stage (around 3700-3600 BC) (Kukawka 2010). All settlements from East Prussia are in the older phase and in the transitional phase (around 3900/3800-3600 BC). The imports of the TRB pottery in the sub-Neolithic environment most likely also fall within this period. Apart from one fragment of pottery (site 17 – Bernburg type amphora), no late TRB materials were found. It can be suggested that the settlement of this culture disappears during the younger phase. A similar remark can be made concerning the imports of the TRB pottery on sub-Neolithic sites. This is consistent with the observations from the Chełmno Land, in the east of which settlement in the younger phase is disappearing, or at least significantly weakening (Adamczak, Kukawka, Małecka-Kukawka 2018). The aforementioned Bernburg type amphora is not related to the eastern group of the TRB and can probably be treated as a distant import in the Globular Amphora culture or the Corded Ware culture environment. Pottery with sub-Neolithic features also appeared on sites defined as TRB settlements. It is not related to the Zedmar culture, but to the broadly understood Narva/Pit-Comb Ware culture circle. This is also analogous to the observations from the Chełmno Land or, more broadly, the north-eastern part of the eastern part of the TRB (Kukawka 2010). The mutual relations of the ‘two worlds’ took place mainly along the Vistula Lagoon and further from Żuławy Wiślane through the Lower Vistula Valley to the Toruń Basin (Kukawka, Małecka-Kukawka, Adamczak in press). It should also be noted that the enclave of TRB settlement located in the western part of East Prussia does not go beyond the zone of post-linear sites of cultures of the Danube circle (Bigos 2014; Kurzyk, Kwapiński, Ruta 2019; Rybicka, Wysocki 2003). This is different from the views concerning the northern and western TRB groups. There, the emergence of this culture is treated as a stage of neolithization of new areas, previously exploited by hunter-gatherer groups. The lack of interest of archaeologists in the neolithization of the former East Prussia means that the state of the TRB recognition in this area will not change significantly in the coming years.

Wyniki badań ratowniczychosady kultury pucharów lejkowatych w Kownacicy, pow. garwoliński

63%

Sałacińska B. , Sałaciński S. , Chojnowska I.

nr 69

79-119

Site 1 at Kownacica, Sobolew Commune, Garwolin County, Mazovian Voivodship, is situated 2.5 km south of the village of Kownacica and the Promnik River, a right-bank tributary of the Vistula (Fig. 1). It is located in the Żelechów High Plain, a 1850-square-kilometer-large mesoregion in the South Podlasie Lowland – a part of the Central Polish Lowlands (J. Kondracki 1994, p. 143–144). Presently, it is an agricultural region, interspersed with small patches of woodland. The site was discovered in 1999 as a result of a fieldwalking survey in Sobolew Commune. Artefacts made of banded and Świeciechów flints as well as fragments of pottery and daub associated with the Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) and Early-Neolithic settlement were collected from the surface. The site was systematically destroyed by illegal sand mining, which was confirmed during inspections in 2005, 2006 and 2007 (Fig. 2). Rescue excavations were carried out between 11 September and 5 October 2007. They were supervised by Barbara Sałacińska and Izabela Chojnowska acting on behalf of the State Archaeological Museum and consulted by Sławomir Sałaciński. The main task was to determine the state of preservation of the site. The excavations encompassed various areas of the site, both destroyed by sand extraction as well as the ones undamaged by it but subjected to deep disc harrowing (Fig. 3). In the eastern part of the site, two designated areas were excavated: Trench I (10×20 m) in which 15 features were explored (Fig. 3–5), and Trench II (approx. 5×20 m) with seven explored features (Fig. 3, 7, 8). Between July 2005 and the beginning of August 2007, this part of the site was destroyed by an illegal sand mining operation for construction purposes, which created an extraction pit measuring 800 square meters on the surface and up to 2 m in depth (Fig. 2). During the archaeological research, it was referred to as a “contemporary dig”. A part of its profiles with a total length of 77.5 m was cleaned, and one feature was exposed (Fig. 6). Two designated excavation areas were explored in the western part of the site – Trench IIIA (4×5 m) and Trench IIIB (approx. 10×3×3× 7.6 m), in which two features were unearthed (Fig. 9, 10). This part of the site, overgrown with a pine and birch forest, was destroyed by numerous sand pits. In the course of the excavations, a new sand pit was recorded (sand pit I/2007). Parts of its walls with a total length of 23.8 m were cleaned, and one feature was uncovered. An inspection of the surface was carried out in the north-western part of the site. Recovered material is dated from the Late Mesolithic, through the Early Neolithic and to the Funnel Beaker Culture. In total, an area of 348.6 square meters was explored, and 101.3 linear meters of profiles were cleaned within the range of the present-day destruction. 26 features of various character were found, including a feature of the Trzciniec Culture (Fig. 11), 11 FBC features (including three postholes; Fig. 12–14, 16–19, 21–23), four features of undefined chronology (including two postholes; Fig. 15, 20), two contemporary features (including one fireplace), and eight natural features (archaeological material was found in a secondary deposit in four of them). 164 flint artefacts, 1111 pottery sherds, a stone artefact (grinder) and 240 pieces of daub, as well as a few small, burnt bone fragments were obtained. The majority of the archaeological material belongs to the FBC (1023 pieces of pottery, 60 flint artefacts). Several flint artefacts (10 specimens) can be attributed to the Late Mesolithic. Furthermore, 10 flint artefacts and 12 pottery fragments are associated with the Early Neolithic, with cultures of southern origin. Moreover, 63 sherds of the Trzciniec Culture, five pottery fragments of the Lusatian Culture and two modern sherds were acquired. Six sherds and 64 flint artefacts were not defined in terms of their chronology. The FBC pits from Kownacica were divided into several categories based on their shape: close to circular – feature 10 (Fig. 16), close to oval – feature 25 (Fig. 23), close to kidney-shaped – features 9, 17, 18 (Fig. 12, 21), and irregular – features 5, 11, 19 (Fig. 13, 17, 22). Almost all pits (nos. 5, 9–11, 17, 19, 25) had basin-shaped cross-sections – features 5, 9–11, 17, 19, 25 (Fig. 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23). Only the cross-section of pit 18 was irregular (Fig. 21). The FBC postholes were irregular in shape, while their cross-sections were bag-shaped – features 7 and 14 (Fig. 14, 19), and triangular or V-shaped – feature 13 (Fig. 18). Pits (5, 9, 11, 17, 18, 19, 25) and postholes (7 and 13) of the FBC were explored to their bases. They were usually from 15 to 35 cm deep. The only exceptions were feature 10 with a depth of up to 65 cm and feature 14 (a posthole) with a thickness of 55 cm. Based on the dimensions of their plans at the level of discovery, the FBC features from Kownacica can be divided into: small – up to 100 cm long (pits 5, 11, 19, 25 and postholes 7, 13, 14), medium – reaching 100–150 cm (feature 18) and large – above 150 cm (features 9, 10, 17). The feature of the Trzciniec Culture was irregular both in plan and in cross-section (Fig. 11). The fills of the FBC pits were homogeneous or poorly diversified and contained scarce flint and ceramic material. There were no stratigraphic systems noted between features. In the pits and various layers, medium-sized and small clumps of daub were discovered but there were no traces of construction. No daub debris, which could be a remnant of ground structures as discovered at some of the FBC settlements in the Polish Lowlands, was found. However, the presence of daub fragments suggests that clay was used for construction purposes to some extent and serves as a premise for a hypothesis about the existence of ground structures in the FBC settlement in Kownacica. 164 flint artefacts were separated based on their different chronology: Late Mesolithic (10 artefacts made of erratic flint, including one burnt; Fig. 24, 28:1–8, Table 1, 4), Early Neolithic cultures of southern origin (10 artefacts made of chocolate flint, including three burnt; Fig. 24, 28:9–15, Table 1, 2, 4), the FBC (39 artefacts made of banded flint, including four burnt, nine of Świeciechów flint, including one burnt, 12 of Volhynian flint; Fig. 24–27, 29, 30, 31:1–8, Table 1–4), and unspecified with regards to archaeological culture (47 specimens made of erratic flint, including two burnt, 10 of chocolate flint, including three burnt, 10 of banded flint, five of Świeciechów flint, and 12 of undefined burnt flint; Fig. 24, Table 2, 4). With 35 specimens (58.33%), banded flint dominates among the material associated with the Funnel Beaker Culture (60 pieces in total). Next is Volhynian flint with 12 (20%) specimens and Świeciechów flint with eight (13.33%). Several re-burnt artefacts were also isolated: four (6.67%) exemplars made of banded flint and one (1.67%) specimen made of Świeciechów flint (Fig. 25). A preference for a specific type of raw material is visible in the FBC flint assemblage: banded flint was used mainly for making axes and splintered pieces, Volhynian flint – blade tools and splintered pieces (Fig. 26, 27). Only 16 flint artefacts (and only three tools) were found inside the features. The major part of the accumulated flint material (148 pieces) was discovered in the layers outside of the archaeological features. 54 specimens were separated from the flint assemblage from Kownacica, among them: eight cores (Table 1, Fig. 28:1–5), 17 splintered pieces (Table 2, Fig. 29:3, 30:1.2), an axe (Table 3, Fig. 29:1), a part of an axe near the butt (Table 3, Fig. 29:2), three fragments of half-finished axes (Table 3, Fig. 30:3), and 24 blade and flake tools (Table 4), including three scrapers (Fig. 28:7.8, 31:8), three endscrapers on retouched blades (Fig. 28:9.10, 31:2), a truncated blade with a retouched blade (Fig. 31:6), four fragments of retouched blades (Fig. 31:3–5), two fragments of endscrapers (Fig. 31:1), a fragment of a borer (Fig. 31:7), a burin and a fragment of a burin (Fig. 28:11.12), a trapeze (Fig. 28:13), two blades and two fragments of partially retouched blades (Fig. 28:14.15, 30:4), three retouched flakes. Among 1,111 fragments of ceramics, 1,023 sherds of the FBC pottery were identified (Fig. 32, 33). 12 fragments are associated with older Neolithic settlement (Fig. 28:16), 63 sherds with the Trzciniec Culture, five sherds with the Lusatian Culture. Two fragments represent modern pottery, while six sherds have not been defined in terms of archaeological culture. Only 132 sherds of the FBC pottery were discovered inside the features. The FBC pottery is heavily fragmented (Fig. 32, 33). Not one whole vessel was found. A funnel beaker (Fig. 33:16), a beaker with a short, funnel-shaped, everted neck (Fig. 32:17), and a rim of a collared flask (Fig. 32: 3) were partially reconstructed. Amphorae (Fig. 33:4.12), pots (Fig. 33:2.5.6) and shallow bowls (Fig. 32:13, 33:14) were also identified. The pottery from Kownacica is characterized by a careful preparation of the clay body, the finish of the surface and its hardness. It is also well-fired. The exterior surfaces are light brown, brown, and dark grey, while the interior surfaces are brown and grey. The walls of the vessels were very carefully smoothed – matt or burnished. A deliberate coarsening of the external surface was noted on five sherds. The body was tempered with a mixture of fine-grained sand and chamotte, evenly distributed throughout the entire clay body. The pottery is well-fired, with one- or two-colour cross-sections. Vessels were decorated in three zones: mainly from the outside, under the rim, less often on the very rim and/or on the body. One- and two-element motifs in a horizontal arrangement placed below the edge of the rim constitute the prevailing decoration on the vessels. Imprinting is the dominant method employed for ornamentation.(Fig. 32:1. 2.4.16.18, 33:8.11). Appliqué decorations were used less often (Fig. 33:1. 2.5.6.16). Incisions (Fig. 32:5), furrow stitch (Fig. 32:8.9) and double cord impressions (Fig. 32:10) occur sporadically. One whole and four fragments of FBC spindle whorls were found in Kownacica. Only one of the fragments was recovered from an FBC feature (no. 17); one was discovered on the surface, and the others in the layers outside of the archaeological features. Two of them are convex and flat (Fig. 31:11), one – lenticular (Figure 31:9), one – conic (Fig. 31:10) in shape. One could not be classified because of its state of preservation. The clay whorls, similar to the FBC pottery, were made of a perfectly prepared clay body mixed with mineral temper composed of fine-grained sand and chamotte. They have carefully smoothed, light brown surfaces, sometimes slightly burnished. The cross-section are one or two-coloured. Pottery from Kownacica forms a homogeneous assemblage and shares characteristics with the material of the south-eastern group of the FBC. Based on the style of the ceramics, the settlement in Kownacica can be associated with the classical phase of the south-eastern FBC group (B. Burchard, S. Jastrzębski, J. Kruk 1991; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1981, 1983, 2018), linked with the phases Bronocice II and IIIA dated to the period from 3650 BC to 3400/3300 BC (P. Włodarczak 2006, p. 33, 58). Analogies to the pottery from Kownacica can be found among the vessels originating from the loess settlements of the south-eastern FBC and dated to the phase Bronocice II, e.g., from Klementowice B, Puławy County (J. Kowalczyk 1957), Pliszczyn 9, Lublin County (T. J. Chmielewski, E. Mitrus 2015, p. 62–82), Złota Nad Wawrem, Sandomierz County (B. Matraszek 2001), Modlnica, Kraków County (A. Zastawny, P. Włodarczak, B. Grabowska 2011) Zawarża, Pińczów County (A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 2002b), Pawłosiów 52 (M. Rybicka, D. Król, J. Rogoziński 2014) and Skołoszów 31, both Jarosław County (J. Rogoziński 2014). Making the distinction between two patterns of settlement: loess and para-‘lowland’ was extremely important for acquiring knowledge of the FBC in Lesser Poland. A presentation of and a rich discussion on this matter can be found in the literature on the subject (B. Burchard, S. Jastrzębski, J. Kruk 1991, p. 95–98; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1999, p. 109–117; S. Kadrow 2009; 2010; M. Nowak 2009, p. 325–344). Some of the settlements located in the sandy areas of Lesser Poland represent a period contemporary with the older stage of the classical phase from the loess areas – linked with the phase Bronocice II. This is probably related to the economic activity of human groups from settlement centers from loess regions (B. Burchard, S. Jastrzębski, J. Kruk 1991, p. 96; J. Kruk, S. Milisauskas 1999, p. 117). This economic model is represented by the analyzed FBC settlement in Kownacica, the settlement at Szumów 10, Puławy County (P. Zawiślak 2013) and probably at Białobrzegi 5, Łańcut County (S. Czopek, S. Kadrow 1988; K. Karski 2014). Rescue excavation in Kownacica confirmed the existence of a Neolithic FBC settlement at the site. Types, morphology and technology of clay vessels as well as artefacts made of southern and south-eastern siliceous rocks (banded, Świeciechów, Volhynian flints) indicate that the inhabitants of the settlement were in direct contact with the communities of the south-eastern FBC group, or that it was founded by visitors in possession of the products manufactured in the South.

Osadnictwo neolityczne i wczesnobrązowe w okolicy Tomin, pow. opatowski

51%

Miecznikowski Z. , Sałaciński S. , Sałacińska B.

tom LXIV

nr 64

97-136

Site 5 at Tominy lies to the north of the Sandomierz Highland (Fig. 1) on the south-eastern edge of the Foreland of Iłża (J. Kondracki 2002, fig. 38; M. Szeliga, A. Zakościelna 2009, p. 9), on an elevation built of glacial sands and boulder clay (Fig. 2). Traces of occupation were identified at 178–184 m ASL. In the immediate vicinity of the site are found carbonate rocks of Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian and Oxfordian) age. Discovered by Janusz Budziszewski in 1982 the site was investigated by test trenches in 2004 (Aleksandra Sujecka and Józef Bednarczyk) and attributed to the Funnel Beaker Culture. In 2006 it came under an area excavation (Zbigniew Miecznikowski and Sławomir Sałaciński; Fig. 3, 4). Also investigated that year were nearby sites 6 and 17 at Tominy with a multi-phase culture deposit (Marcin Szeliga, Anna Zakościelna, Tadeusz Wiśniewski). The main aim of the archaeological excavation made at Tominy 5 was to salvage the area’s archaeology before it came under development associated with the construction of a ring road for Ożarów. A total of 10000 m2 were investigated, identifying 127 archaeological features (Fig. 5, 9–17). The earliest occupation is documented by flint and pottery finds datable to the Early Neolithic attributed to Linear Pottery Cultures. This is material analogical to the one excavated at Tominy 6, published by M. Szeliga and A. Zakościelna (2009), the site of a Linear Band Pottery Culture settlement from its Musical Note Pottery phase and from the stage transitional to Želiezovce Phase. Some of the finds from Tominy 6 suggest strong links with the circle of eastern Linear Band Pottery Cultures from the Slovak-Hungarian border zone, manifested by pottery ornamentation styles and objects made of Carpathian obsidian (M. Szeliga, A. Zakościelna 2009, p. 14). Later occupation during the Neolithic is documented by a fragment of a Funnel Beaker Culture settlement, and later still, by a small number of features attributed to the Early Bronze Mierzanowice Culture, and traces of occupation by the people of Trzciniec Culture and Lusatian Culture. The assemblage recovered at Tominy 5 is dominated by pottery (Fig. 33–41) and flint artifacts (Fig. 20–32, Table 1–3) of the Funnel Beaker Culture. A more outstanding archaeological feature (No. 23) associated with this culture had a sub-rectangular plan, 100×150 m at the level of detection, and a depth of 100 cm (Fig. 6–8). It yielded a funnel beaker, a pottery fragment, an amphora, a clay spindlewhorl and flint flakes. Other Funnel Beaker Culture features (e.g., Nos. 53, 54, 90–93) are typical household pits, often recorded in settlements of this culture. The settlement identified at Tominy 5 belongs to the south-eastern group of Funnel Beaker Culture which resided in the region between 3900/3800 and 2900/2800 BC (P. Włodarczak 2006, p. 57–59; A. Uzarowicz-Chmielewska, B. Sałacińska 2013, p. 232). An even more outstanding feature was No. 68 (Fig. 18, 19). It appeared in plan as a concentration of brown-yellow clay interspersed with limestone rubble and broken flint nodules. At the level of detection it had a width of 280 cm and a depth of 260 cm. Because of the shape of its cross-section and the presence of limestone and flint rubble in its fill the feature was interpreted tentatively as a pit left behind from flint extraction. Evidence on shaft mining of siliceous rocks during the Early Bronze Age was identified at nearby Ożarów and Gliniany by Stefan Krukowski (1890–1982) and an investigation was made in early 1980s by J. Budziszewski (1980, p. 601–605; 2008, p. 34, 36). Other features of similar description identified at Tominy 5 (Nos. 39, 45, 78 and 79) were much less well preserved. By J. Budziszewski (Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw) feature no. 68 is interpreted tentatively as a natural, karstic, formation. This view has been supported by the geomorphologist Piotr Szwarczewski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies), presumably a karstic funnel-shaped sink hole. The fieldwork at Tominy has brought in new data on the prehistoric settlement in the foreland of the Sandomierz Highland. The post-excavation analysis of the archaeological record from site 5 is also a complement to other published assemblages from the Ożarów ring road.

Barrow cemeteries in the Neolithic of north-west Europe. The case of Western Mecklenburg (Germany)

44%

Behrens A. , Darvill T.

tom 17

125-162

Neolityczne grobowce w Europie Północno-Zachodniej występują w postaci pojedynczych nasypów i skupisk kurhanów. W pracy przedyskutowano ich podstawowe cechy z uwzględnieniem dostępu do głównej komory i jej lokalizacji wewnątrz nasypów. W zachodniej Meklemburgii zarejestrowano 238 grobowców megalitycznych, które sklasyfikowano pod względem liczby konstrukcji na stanowisku oraz porównano pod względem rozprzestrzenienia. Opisano przykłady oraz możliwe przyczyny pojawienia się cmentarzysk z wieloma konstrukcjami, rozważane na tle organizacji społecznej i relacji do elementów krajobrazu.

Neolithic funerary monuments across north-west Europe are considered as cemeteries and here divided into two types: single-mound cemeteries, and multi-mound cemeteries. Their general characteristics are discussed in relation to models of access to the internal chambers, and the distribution of chambers within their cover-mounds. The 238 megalithic tombs recorded in Western Mecklenburg are classified according to whether they are single-mound cemeteries or components of multi-mound cemeteries, and the distributions compared. Examples and case studies are described, and possible understandings of the emergence of multi-mound cemeteries are considered in relation to social organization and connections with the landscape.