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PL
Omówiono sposoby finansowania rozwoju elektroenergetyki. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na finansowanie energetyki za pomocą emisji papierów dłużnych mających różny charakter prawny.
EN
Bank credits taken by the farmers within 1992-1996 and the condition of their farm debts in August 1996 were studied. The representative sample covered 4122 farms at 73 villages in different regions of the country. The average debt was 5300 PLN per farm and 400 PLN per ha agricultural land at deep differentiation of the debts ranging from 2900 PLN to 59700 PLN (1 : 22) per 1 farm of the acreage 2-5 ha and 50 ha, respectively. The total sum of debt per 1 farm was inversely proportional to the debt per 1 ha which was the highest for farm acreage group 1-5 ha (900 PLN/ha) and the lowest for 15-25 ha (300 PLN/ha). The percentage of farms being in debt increased within 1992-1996 in comparison to 1988-1992 period, but still at predominating low value credits. According to general opinion of the farmers the available credit was still relatively expensive because of low farming profitability. Only few farmers (11 % of total in debts) decided to take the commercial credit, mostly short-term circulating credit or investment credit, of rather low value averaging 7000 PLN for credits in whole and 5800 PLN for preferential credits. On an average, in 1992-1996 more than every third farm in Poland (38.6%) used bank credit once at least The credits were of different appropriation and their structure was as follows: building investment 7.1%, land purchase 4.2% tractors and farm machines 7.4% livestock 2.1% circulating credit for agricultural production 74.4% the credits connected with other business activities 2.0%, consumption credit 2.8%. The highest percentage (91.5%) pf credits were taken to cover the farm needs including other business activities (2.0%) the productive purposes included 93.5% credits in whole contracted in 1992-1996. The remaining group consisted of the credits for building house (3.7%) and consumption (2.8%). The frequency of taking bank credits was positively correlated with the farm acreage. Among the farms of Particular acreage groups the percentage of the objects encumbered with a debt was as follows: up to 5 ha - 18.9%; 5-10 ha - 42.2%; 10-15 ha - 58.2%; 15-25 ha - 68-4%; 25-50 ha - 87.9%; above 50 ha - 94.7%.
EN
In their article, the authors presented how households' indebtedness was shaped in the period of 2004-1 half-year 2008, with consideration of indebtedness due to housing and consumption credits. There were also presented changes in households' burden by credit and repayment thereof.
RU
В статье представлено формирование задолженности домохозяйств В период 2004-1 полугодие 2008 гг. c учетом задолженности по жилищным и потребительским кредитам. Представляются также изменения в обременении домохозяйств кредитом и его погашением.
PL
Zbadano przemiany w infrastrukturze banków komercyjnych i spółdzielczych oraz poziomie zadłużenia rolników i jego strukturze. Z badań wynika, że banki spółdzielcze są głównym źródłem kredytów dla rolników indywidualnych. Dla większości banków spółdzielczych rolnicy są najważniejszą grupą klientów. Banki spółdzielcze uważają, że mają przewagę nad bankami komercyjnymi w kredytowaniu rolników. Źródeł tej przewagi upatrują w długoletnim okresie współpracy z klientem (historia kredytowa), znajomości środowiska i specyfiki rolnictwa oraz doświadczeniu w jego kredytowaniu.
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine the role of cooperative and commercial banks in granting credits to farmers in Poland. The analyses showed that the bank infrastructure is well developed in the rural areas in Poland so farmers and other economic agents have rather easy access to financial services. Cooperative banks play the crucial role in providing credits to farmers while, commercial banks restrain themselves from it. The cooperative banks, are interested in granting credits to farmers because they are involved in preferential agricultural credit system, which increases the credit demand. What more, the cooperative banks can operate only on limited area as so far. In opinion of cooperative banks the farmers are very creditworthy clients.
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