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EN
NK (natural killer) cells are lymphoid, often granular, cells that are an important component of natural immunity, along with the complement system and phagocytic activity. NK cells are defined as cells of the innate immune response. Recent studies, however, demonstrate that specific subsets of mouse NK cells can develop specific immunological “memory” to a variety of antigens. NK cells do not require prior contact with foreign (i.e. viral or tumor) antigens and are not MHC-restricted. NK cells are involved in antibody- -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and are thus able to destroy target cells coated with antibodies. NK cells express strong cytotoxicity against neoplastic and virus-infected cells after the activation of the perforin/granzyme system. They express stimulatory and inhibitory receptors on cell surface that recognize self-MHC proteins and regulate their activation. Mice NK cells express a large number of receptors, such as Ly49 receptors, which can inhibit the activity of MHC class I molecules. This short review shows an important role of NK cells as the effector arms of the immune system.
EN
The structure and function of the immune system of pigs are the main subjects of interest to numerous research centers, which is undoubtedly related to the potential of using pig organs in xenotransplantation. Another reason for intensive studies on this subject is the need for secure and effective immunoprophylaxis of pigs and the improvement of their immunological status. The present paper presents the current knowledge on the prenatal ontogeny of lymphocytes in pigs. The ontogeny of pigs’ immune system starts in early gestation. During the prenatal period the system undergoes numerous changes which ultimately result in its achievement of immunological competence. Although the immune system in pigs is physiologically developed already on the 35th day of pregnancy, only a small numbers of lymphocytes and other lymphatic elements can be detected in fetal organs. The hematopoiesis in bone morrow starts around the 45th day of pregnancy. Lymph nodes, including mesenteric lymph nodes, are devoid of their defense function until the 70th day of prenatal life. The most dynamic development of the immune system of pigs takes place between the 60th and 90th day of gestation. To a greater extent, the diffusion of lymphocytes in secondary lymphatic organs occurs after birth, and the intensity of this process seems to be related to the colonization of the gut and enhanced by the contact of newborns with environmental antigens.
EN
B6C3F₁ mice were infected with 200 or 500 larvae of Trichinella spiralis per mouse and pulmonary NK cell-mediated clearance of semisyngeneic tumour cells was determined in vivo on days 10, 20, 30, and 60 after the infection. Cytotoxic activity of NK cells in the lungs was substantially elevated on days 20 and 30 after challenge with both „doses" of the parasite. At the same time large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) as well as cells expressing surface asialo-GM₁ molecules were isolated in elevated numbers from spleens of the infected as opposed to the normal mice. Expression of other markers of differentiation, such as THy 1, CD4, and CD8 was also enhanced on splenocytes isolated from the infected mice on day 30 but not 20 after administration of the larvae. The present results indicate that NK cell-mediated activity in vivo is stimulated above the baseline level during migration and early muscle phases of the infection with T. spiralis in mice. The possible impact of this effect upon the course of trichinellosis as well as upon the growth of tumours in the infected host is discussed.
EN
Natural killer cells (NK) traditionally classified as belonging to the innate immune system have many similarities with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. An engineered antibody with a single antigen binding fragment (Fab) capable of recognizing two unrelated proteins. SAP-mediated stable adhesion of antigen-specific T and B cells is crucial for generation long-term immunity. Pharmacological enhancing CD8 T cell memory. Interleukin-21 sustains CD8⁺T cell effector activity during chronic viral infection. Failures in HIV-vaccine development.
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