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Slovesná prefixace ve světle Langackerovy kognitivní gramatiky

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Lehoučková Z.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2010

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tom 71

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nr 4

340-349

EN

Word-formation is the “border zone” between linguistic system and linguistic usage. Langacker’s usage-based approach to language represents an attempt to describe and explain a linguistic system as a product of cognitive processes (e.g. perception, attention, categorization, memory). This paper proposes an alternative approach to the description and explanation of semantic characteristics of Czech verbal prefixes (of the prefix vy- in particular) using Langacker’s ideas as the most important theoretical basis. The variety of semantic behaviour of the Czech prefix vy- is traditionally explained as a rich polysemy of this morpheme or as a loss of its meaning. This paper supposes a multi-level system of schematic verbal concepts (linguistic units) related to the most general meaning of the prefix vy-: “schematic vy-verbs”. Each of them is an abstraction of a category of real vy-verbs. For example, the verbal category vyzuřit se, vyplakat se, vydovádět se, vypsat se, vypovídat se is represented by a schematic vy-verb “vy-V (‘vent emotions’) (se)”. These schematic verbal concepts are considered very important for the process of prefixation, especially in cases of significant semantic difference between simplex and prefixed verb. This approach should be able to identify previously unnoticed semantic relations.

2

Španělská modální slovesa z perspektivy R. W. Langackera: otázka konceptualizátora

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Smažíková A.

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nr 1

74-86

XX

This article presents the problem of modal verbs in Spanish from the perspective of Langacker’s cognitive grammar. Langacker defines modal verbs as grounding elements that can express implicit meanings and thus increase the degree of subjectivity of the utterance. Unlike English modal verbs, which are completely unanchored and fully grammaticalized, Spanish modal verbs exhibit verb inflection. The aim of this article is to compare the construals with and without a modal verb and to point out the differences between the positions of conceptualizers (speaker and addressee). For these purposes several graphical representations are proposed throughout the article. As the proposed schemes show, the position of conceptualizers plays a key role in the conception of any construal. It is concluded that a construal with a modal verb has a more subjectively anchored interaction between the two conceptualizers and that the speaker is always a completely implicit part of the utterance.

3

Španělský subjunktiv a jeho univerzalistický popis: Srovnání kognitivně orientovaných přístupů Rainera Vesterinena a Josého Plácida Ruize Campilla

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Kratochvílová D. , Dolníková M.

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2022

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tom 104

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nr 1

113-131

EN

This paper focuses on the two most widely used universalist approaches that attempt to present a unified account of the Spanish subjunctive. Both Vesterinen’s and Ruiz Campillo’s concepts are based on principles of cognitive linguistics and represent two largely contradictory ways to define a unified principle for the use of a particular verbal form: from an abstract principle to usage and from concrete linguistic manifestations to the search for an underlying function. This paper contrasts the two theories and points out their strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that an uncontroversial universalist theory describing all uses of the Spanish subjunctive has not yet been developed in linguistics; rather both theories are a tool to illustrate how complex and difficult it is to analyse the phenomenon of mood choice.

4

Co lze „vyčíst z ruky” aneb somatické frazémy v proměnách času

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PACOVSKÁ J. , ŠKODOVÁ S. , LÁBUS V.

Bohemistyka

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2017

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nr 2

103-114

EN

The paper deals with somatic idioms based on Czech lexeme ruka (hand). For the analysis a collocation v rukou (i.e. in hands) was chosen. Analyzed data come especially from Czech Radio news 1977 and 1997 (from a demo version of the platform being developed for automatic transcription and sophisticated access to historical audio archive of the Czech Radio), and from the Czech National Corpora. The analysis should demonstrate a ratio between basic and figurative meaning of the chosen collocation, its semantic profiles, and should reveal potential ideological implicit meaning.

CS

Příspěvek se zabývá tzv. somatickými frazémy, jež jsou založeny na bázovém lexému ruka. Pro potřeby tohoto příspěvku bylo analyzováno užití jednoho konkrétního spojení, a to v rukou. Jazykový materiál pro excerpci poskytl archiv mluvených pořadů Českého rozhlasu, konkrétně zpravodajské pořady Rozhlasové noviny z roku 1977 a Ozvěny dne z roku 1997; pro porovnání byla využita i data z Českého národního korpusu z týchž let. Cílem je postihnout poměr doslovného a metaforického užití vybrané vazby, kvalitativně analyzovat sémantické profily, v nichž se vyskytuje, a identifikovat případný ideologický podtext.

5

Postavení ambipozic v češtině

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Sláma J. , Štěpánková B.

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nr 2

91-121

EN

The study proposes that some words in Czech, including navzdory ‘despite’ and počínaje ‘starting from,’ should be treated as ambipositions, i.e., adpositions that may either precede or follow their complement. This avoids the awkwardness of the traditional view on which the former, for instance, is a preposition when preceding a complement and a homonymous adverb when following one. Based on 3,234 corpus instances of navzdory ‘despite,’ nevyjímaje ‘including,’ nemluvě o ‘not to mention,’ počínaje ‘starting with,’ konče ‘ending with,’ and počínaje – konče ‘from – to,’ the study examines the factors determining whether ambipositions in Czech precede or follow their complements. Special attention is paid to the length and the syntactic complexity of the complement, but also to the text type and the position of the adpositional phrase in the clause. The study uses the random forests algorithm to gauge the relative importance of the variables for each of the ambipositions examined. The length of the complement is systematically the best predictor of the position of ambipositions: the longer the complement, the more likely the ambiposition is to precede it. This is argued to follow primarily from the limits of the human working memory.

6

Teorie terminologie a kognitivní lingvistika: k pojetí kategorizace, definice a nominace

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Bozděchová I.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2010

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tom 71

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nr 3

163-175

EN

The aim of this paper is to outline, comment upon and illustrate some new subjects (prototypicality, cognitive models, etc.) which cognitive linguistics offers to the traditional theory of terminology and to the semantic analysis of specialized terms. The paper therefore deals with questions such as: What significance does cognitive information (reflecting a naïve, non-specialized view of the world) have for terms? How can such information be used in the study of categorization and conceptualization of the contents of terms? By making use of findings from both traditional lexicology and semantics and from the cognitive sciences, and by using medical terminology as its material, the paper presents the processes of direct and indirect nomination as they relate to terminologization and determinologization. A selection of terms and names relating to the human body, its parts and organs and to human health or diseases is used to confront the scientific and cognitive approaches. The theoretical starting point, concerning the task of corporeality in human cognition, is applied in the analysis of the different kinds of reflection of cognition in medical terminology. The processes of categorization and nominalization of objective reality are also considered as they are reflected in the onomasiological structures of terms.

7

Percepce multimodálního vyjádření aspektuálnosti v češtině: experimentální studie

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Jehlička J.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2023

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tom 106

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nr 1

47-71

EN

This study addresses the role of co-speech gestures in the construal of aspectuality. A behavioral experiment was conducted with speakers of Czech to investigate patterns observed in a preceding multimodal corpus-based study focusing on gesture and aspectuality. In particular, the experiment was designed to explore the perceived association between the emphasized ending of a hand movement (or absence thereof) and the grammatical aspect (and the lexical-semantic properties) of the predicate accompanied by the gesture. Combining various approaches in its design (motion capture, lexical ratings, corpus data), the experiment revealed a strong association between the perfective aspect and end-marking in gestures, while the link between the imperfective and gestures without a marked ending was weaker. The results of the experiment are in line with tendencies observed for other languages, indicating that the gestural marking of boundary is prominent in multimodal construals of events. Besides, specific multimodal patterns (combinations of finer-grained lexical-semantic features and formal parameters of gestures) also occur, as reflected in the data. This study provides the first experimental data on the perception of multimodal expressions in Czech.

8

To be or not to be? Or — to not be? Dochází ke změně v postavení anglické záporky not a infinitivního to?

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Sláma J.

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nr 1

60-73

XX

The paper notes that while grammars and other linguistic works assume that not precedes the infinitive marker to in English, one can quite often encounter the reverse ordering, to not. The second section provides an overview of the relevant literature. The third section compares spoken data from the British National Corpus and the Spoken BNC2014, and analyzes the written data from the Corpus of Historical American English, concluding that the frequency of to not (relative to not to) has indeed been rising significantly in recent decades. The fourth section attempts to identify some factors underlying this change, most importantly chunking and potential semantic differentiation. It is suggested that chunking might be an especially important factor affecting the change, but further analysis is needed, relying on more advanced statistical methods.