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2 2016

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The ideology of military kingship in Anglo-Saxon England: Conversion narratives in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica and Cynewulf’s Elene

100%

Olesiejko J.

2016

nr 4

507-522

Ideologies of kingship in Anglo-Saxon England, whether theorised from ecclesiastical perspectives or perpetuated by the oral/literary practices of Old English vernacular poets, were conducive to the promulgation of Christianity among the aristocratic military classes. This article reads Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum and Cynewulf’s Elene in an attempt to locate these works in the political and cultural landscape of conversion in early Anglo-Saxon England, on the one hand, and Viking invasion and settlement of the tenth and eleventh century, on the other. While earlier criticism has looked to biblical literary models in order to elucidate Bede’s and Cynewulf’s portrayals of Edwin and Constantine, the present article argues that the portrayal of military kings therein can be better understood in the context of the secular ethos of kingship and warfare argued by ecclesiastical writers, whose ideas emanated from a shared ideological framework.

Muhammad’s Night Journey to Heaven or the Initiatic Path to a Temporal and Spiritual Leadership

100%

Potec E.

tom 5

135-140

In many religious traditions, ascension into heaven is a specific way to become initiated into a new, sacred status. It is a journey which implies a dichotomy of plans: firstly the profane–sacred plan, secondly the telluric–celestial plan, both of them being transformed by the possibility of communication through transcendence. This possibility waives the dichotomy during the ascension and keeps an opening status between the elements of each dichotomy, after the ending of the ascension: the sacred will be opened to the profane, the celestial will be opened to the telluric. Muhammad Night’s Journey is an event which can be read through such a key. However Muḥammad’s Night Journey cannot be limited at this point of view. The event is more complex as we deal with an initiatic path to a temporal and spiritual leadership. As Geo Widengren concluded in his two studies The Ascension of the Apostle and the Heavenly Book and Muhammad, the Apostle of God and His Ascension, Muhammad’s Night Journey reflects a ritual of sovereignty which is specific to the Ancient Near East, in regards with the ascension of the king as a central event concerning his coronation. Muhammad’s Night Journey reflects also a ritual during which Muhammad sees God, and he is sacred as a prophet, being in direct contact with God and with the other monotheistic prophets (as the literature of the 9th century in the Islamic milieu tries to describe). This initiatic path does not have (as a result) the transformation of Muhammad into a character with divine powers; it has (as a result) the unification into Muḥammad’s person of two different powers, the temporal and the spiritual one, and the confirmation of Muhammad as a spiritual and temporal leader for a new community.