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1

Learned Hand – sędzia legenda

100%

Zajadło J.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2023

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tom 32

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nr 2

203-229

EN

The main character of this article is Learned Hand, an American jurist, lawyer, and judicial philosopher, a federal trial judge on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York from 1909 to 1924 and a federal appellate judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1924 to 1951. In American jurisprudence he is recognized as a legendary person, although he never became the US Supreme Court justice. The author presents his interesting biography and some details from his rich judicial career, including four exemplary decisions: on the one hand concerning negligence (United States v. Carroll Towing Co and The T.J.Hooper) and on the other hand antitrust law (United States v. Associated Press and United States v. Aluminum Company of America).

2

Practice of European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the enforcement of courts’ final decisions

72%

Gazidede A.

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nr 12

38-46

EN

The paper aims at highlighting the importance of enforcement of judicial decisions as a key factor in building Rule of Law. As courts do not have the opportunity to lead themselves the process of decisions’s execution and the respective institutions have performed poor results, many cases are presented in front of European Court of Human Rights due to the lack of efficiency in executing judicial decisions. Obtaining a favorable judicial decision does not imply necessarily the fulfillment of the general purpose, and ECHR through it’s judgements has argued that the right to proper administration of justice implies that the enforcement of court decisions should itself be effective and efficient. Being considered as a compulsory provision for the successful conclusion of a legal process, the enforcment of courts’ final decisions within a reasonable time is an essential element of a fair trial. Also, this paper analyses the circumstances when excuses such as case complexity or lack of funds are considered objective and what is the responsibility of the states toward organizing their judicial system so that the justice is awarded.

3

Model argumentacyjny jako narzędzie urzeczywistniania prawa jednostki do sądu (na przykładzie orzeczeń sądów administracyjnych zapadających w tzw. okresie odroczenia)

62%

Sarnowiec-Cisłak M.

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nr 4 (200)

73-85

EN

The argumentative model of applying law helps to provide „the right for a better quality judgment“ for all citizens. A good example of such relations are decisions of administrative courts made after the Constitutional Tribunal issues a judgment which delays the date of an unconstitutional law becoming ineffective. In such situations, the court faces a conflict of values, i.e. the issue of unconstitutional relevant legal basis against the arguments behind the further applying, or refusing to apply, defective regulations in a given case. By resorting to the discursive paradigm, administrative courts can search for pro-constitutional solutions while taking into the position of a citizen in relations with administrative authorities. Although the argumentative model of arriving at solutions poses a challenge to the court, it seems to be better suited to requirements of ensuring the citizen‘s right to the administrative court and the standards of judiciary which follow that right, by making it easier to create an environment of a dialogue with the citizen and by creating a framework for sufficient guarantee of citizen‘s rights when faced by the public authorities.

4

Brak obowiązku uzasadnienia i uzasadnienie skrócone a prawo do sądu

62%

Rzucidło-Grochowska I.

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nr 4 (200)

61-71

EN

The right to fair trial and access to the court is interpreted by European Court of Human Rights in a wide manner. Amongst these rulings, there are numerous judicial opinions, where ECHR addesses the problem of giving grounds for judicial decisions (not mention explicitly in the Convention). Out of that reason we may say that there is possible to notice special element of the general right to due process – right to obtain grounds for judicial decisions. This particular right has many aspects and – at least at the first glance – seems to impose the duty to prepare justifications without exceptions. In practice the situation is yet quite different. ECHR approves some limitations of this duty, that migh arise from different sources. In other words, shortened justifications and lack of the duty to justify may be, under some conditions, compliant with standards set forth by the Convention. The clou of this matter is proportionalization of the justifying process, as well as considering of arguments pro and contra fulfilling maximum standard. Sometimes it is therefore possible that guaranteeing the right to fair trial may be overcome by another values (like promptness of receiving a decision, better governance of judges‘ time and effort, etc.). Considering this issue in a wider perspective, we, hence, cannot try to maximalize one aspects of a standard because, if it may cause obstacles in meeting another elements slocated within it the other rights’ domain.

5

Kwalifikacja obiektów budowlanych w aspekcie podatku od nieruchomości

58%

Szulc J. , Sieczkowski J.

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2021

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tom R. 25, nr 1

3--6

PL

W artykule przedstawiono konsekwencje kwalifikacji obiektów budowlanych, definiowanych w ustawie Prawo budowlane w zakresie budynek/budowla, przy określaniu należności podatkowych od nieruchomości, wskazanych w ustawie o podatkach i opłatach lokalnych. Podano również wybrane interpretacje tego zagadnienia w orzecznictwie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego RP i Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego. Jednoznaczne i spójne rozwiązanie problemu ma istotne znaczenie dla organów podatkowych oraz właścicieli obiektów budowlanych (podatników), których obciążenia podatkowe zostały określone na podstawie jednej lub drugiej kwalifikacji.

EN

The article presents the consequences of the qualification of construction objects, as defined in the Construction Law in the scope of building/structure, when determining the real estate tax liability, indicated in the Act on Local Taxes and Fees. Selected interpretations of this issue in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland and the Supreme Administrative Court are also given. An unambiguous and consistent solution of the problem is important for tax authorities and owners of buildings (taxpayers) whose tax burden was determined on the basis of one or the other qualification.

6

Ochrona praw mniejszości narodowych w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka oraz Komitetu Praw Człowieka ONZ – analiza porównawcza

44%

Baranowska G.

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nr 1 (197)

7-28

EN

The article analyses case law concerning national minority protection in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and UN Human Rights Committee. The protection of national minorities is realized through protecting individual right of persons belonging to minorities. Due to significant amount of cases and given the importance of discussed issues, the analysis is restricted to three topics: names, education and political participation. The case law has set some important standards in those areas. In most of the analyzed aspects the approach of both organs has been the same, for example in regard to names and surnames of persons belonging to national minorities. The research also showed areas in which the case law was not consistent – while examining cases concerning the same French law regarding wearing of religious clothing by students in state schools, the UN Committee, contrary to the Court, found a violation by the state. However, in the vast majority of studied subjects, the jurisprudence of the Court and Committee is very similar and allows to formulate an international standard of national minority protection. Among national minorities indigenous people enjoy in some aspects greater protection than other groups, which is particularly evident in the Committee decisions.