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The structure of macrozoobenthic communities in the Tywa River, a right-bank tributary of the Oder River (northwest Poland)

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Raczyńska M. , Chojnacki J. C.

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2009

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tom Vol. 38, No.3

31-42

EN

Research relating to the subject of this paper was conducted on the Tywa River between September 1996 and July 1998. In the samples, invertebrates were found belonging to 46 species, 26 genera, and two subfamilies. In the 1996 season, the highest abundance was observed among Tanypodinae (larvae) at 10,878 ind. m-2; among Chironominae (larvae) it was 9,965 ind. m-2; and among Tubifex tubifex it was 2,605 ind. m-2. The maximum total density of macrozoobenthic forms in the Tywa River was at station no. 1, where it amounted to 23,953 ind. m-2. The quantitative structure in the 1997 season was lower than in the 1996 season, and the highest abundance was for Simulium sp. (larvae) at 5,196 ind. m-2; for, Tanypodinae it was 3,360 ind. m-2; and for Dreissena polymorpha it was 4,721 ind. m-2; and for Theodoxus fluviatilis – it was 4,114 ind. m-2. In this season, the biodiversity of the macrozoobenthic community was the highest of all seasons. In 1998, the qualitative structure of the macrozoobenthic community was low: Hirudinea disappeared, and the quality of the community was almost four times lower than in 1996. The river’s fast current, its diverse substratum, its very good oxygenation, and moderate concentrations of organic matter created conditions appropriate for species that differ in their requirements.

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Composition and density of plant-associated invertebrates in relation to environmental gradients and hydrological connectivity of wetlands

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Obolewski K.

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tom Vol. 40, No.4

52-63

EN

Frequency of occurrence and intensity of the raised water stage determine the structure of invertebrates in the wetland ecosystems of wetland river floodplains. In order to assess the relationships in a regulated, lowland river of moderate climate, samples of water and invertebrates inhabiting submerged shoots of reed Phragmites australis Trin Ex. Stued. were taken from the middle section of the Słupia River and five of its oxbow lakes. The wetlands differed in hydrological activity (type of connection with the river). Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that hydrological connectivity accounted for 37% of the total invertebrate variance, physico-chemical conditions - 21%, while the trophic state only - 7%. Linear regression showed that the highest species richness was observed in oxbow lakes connected to the river with one arm. Diversity and species evenness increased with the increasing hydrological connectivity. The study revealed that plant-associated invertebrates inhabiting wetlands can be the main source for the reconstruction of biodiversity after floods.

3

Instability of spring environmental conditions as a driver of biotic interactions and crustacean structuring in meteorite crater ponds (Morasko, Poland)

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Świdnicki K. , Basińska A. M. , Kuczyńska-Kippen N.

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2016

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tom Vol. 45, No. 1

66--78

EN

There are 150 meteorite craters worldwide, however, their aggregations are rarely noted. The nature reserve ‘Meteoryt Morasko’ in Poland with fishless meteorite ponds was analyzed as a unique ecosystem for biological analysis of invertebrate interactions. The aim of the study was to recognize the main environmental drivers of cladoceran and copepod community structure from among biotic (competitors and predators) and abiotic factors (i.e. oxygen and pH level) in the spring season. The abundance of small cladocerans (Alonella excisa and Chydorus sphaericus) was the highest at the end of the spring season, i.e. in June, while large species (Daphnia pulex and Simocephalus exspinosus) were most abundant in May. Both size groups of Cladocera were negatively affected by invertebrate predators (Chaoborus crystallinus and carnivorous copepods), which are known to play an important role in structuring cladoceran communities due to the fishless character of the studied ponds. No negative effect of those predators was found for Copepoda, however, nauplii density was reduced by competitors (Aedes communis larvae and ostracods). The temporary character of the examined ponds, oxygen depletion and low pH of water in the shallowest pond resulted in the abundant occurrence of cladoceran males, whose high densities are usually observed in autumn.

4

Wstępne badania wpływu strzelnic sportowych na środowisko

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Wodnik K. , Rutkowski R. , Rybak J.

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tom Vol. 18, nr 4

207--213

PL

Badania mające na celu ocenę wpływu aktywności strzeleckiej prowadzono na terenie strzelnicy sportowej. Do badań wykorzystano zgrupowania bezkręgowców, które zidentyfikowano do rodzin a także wykorzystano metodę morfogatunków, która nie wymaga specjalistycznej wiedzy. Do oceny wpływu strzelnic sportowych na środowisko wykorzystano następujące indeksy bioróżnorodności: Simpsona, Shannona-Wienera, Margalefa, Bergera- Parkera i Menhinicka. Stwierdzono obniżoną bioróżnorodność na stanowiskach badawczych w stosunku do stanowiska referencyjnego, co potwierdza wpływ tej aktywności na bioróżnorodność i narusza integralność ekosystemu.

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the shooting activity on the environment. The studies were conducted in the area of the sports shooting range. The assemblages of invertebrates, which were identified to the family level, as well as morphospecies, were used in the research. The second method does not require the proficiency in identification. The following indices of the biodiversity were used for the assessment of the environmental impact of sports shooting ranges: Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, Berger- Parker and Menhinick. A decreased biodiversity was observed at two studied sites, in comparison to the reference site which proves the negative impact of shooting activity on the biodiversity and suggests that it also disturbs the ecosystem integrity.

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Applicability of cryoconite consortia of microorganisms and glacier-dwelling animals in astrobiological studies

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Zawierucha K. , Ostrowska M. , Kolicka M.

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tom Vol. 6, iss. 1

1--10

EN

For several years it has been of interest to astrobiologists to focus on Earth’s glaciers as a habitat that can be similar to glaciers on other moons and planets. Microorganisms on glaciers form consortia – cryoconite granules (cryoconites). They are granular/spherical mineral particles connected with archaea, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, algae, fungi, and micro animals (mainly Tardigrada and Rotifera). Cryophilic organisms inhabiting glaciers have been studied in different aspects: from taxonomy, ecology and biogeography, to searching of biotechnological potentials and physiological strategies to survive in extreme glacial habitats. However, they have never been used in astrobiological experiments. The main aim of this paper is brief review of literature and supporting assumptions that cryoconite granules and microinvertebrates on glaciers, are promising models in astrobiology for looking for analogies and survival strategies in terms of icy planets and moons. So far, astrobiological research have been conducted on single strains of prokaryotes or microinvertebrates but never on a consortium of them. Due to the hypothetical similarity of glaciers on the Earth to those on other planets these cryoconites consortia of microorganisms and glacier microinvertebrates may be applied in astrobiological experiments instead of the limno-terrestrial ones used currently. Those consortia and animals have qualities to use them in such studies and they may be the key to understanding how organisms are able to survive, reproduce and remain active at low temperatures.

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In defence of invertebrate fossil taxonomy

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Fedorowski J.

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tom Vol. 71, no. 3

249--258

EN

Starting from a subjective viewpoint on the decreasing interest in invertebrate fossil taxonomy, this essay discusses its importance in palaeobiological studies exemplified with cases from the palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of rugose corals, and aims at provoking a discussion on the topic. The possible causes of this negative declining trend include inherent problems of palaeontological taxonomy, and changing systems in science and higher education.

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The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions

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Dzik J. M.

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nr 4

443-466

EN

The last two decades of study enriched greatly our knowledge of how the immune system originated and the sophisticated immune mechanisms of today's vertebrates and invertebrates developed. Even unicellular organisms possess mechanisms for pathogen destruction and self recognition. The ability to distinguish self from non-self is a prerequisite for recognition of sexual compatibility and ensuring survival. Molecules involved in these processes resemble those found in the phagocytic cells of higher organisms. Recognition of bacteria by scavenger receptors induces phagocytosis or endocytosis. The phagocytic mechanisms characterizing the amoeboid protozoans developed further during the evolution towards innate immunity. The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain SRCR is encoded in the genomes from the most primitive sponges to mammals. The immune system of sponges comprises signal transduction molecules which occur in higher metazoans as well. Sponges already possess recognition systems for pathogenic bacteria and fungi, based on membrane receptors (a lipopolysaccharide-interacting protein, a cell surface receptor recognizing β(1 → 3)-d-glucans of fungi). Perforin-like molecules and lysozymes are involved, among others, in defense in sponges. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species function in the immunity of early metazoan. Genes encoding the family of reactive oxygen-generating NADPH oxidases (Noxes) are found in a variety of protists and plants. The NO synthases of cnidarians, mollusks, and chordates are conserved with respect to the mammalian NOS. The antimicrobial peptides of protozoans, amoebapores, are structural and functional analogs of the natural killer cell peptide, NK-lysin, of vertebrates. An ancestral S-type lectin has been found in sponges. Opsonizing properties of lectins and the ability to agglutinate cells justify their classification as primitive recognition molecules. Invertebrate cytokines are not homologous to those of vertebrate, and their functional convergence was presumably enabled by the general similarity of the lectin-like recognition domain three-dimensional structure. Sponges contain molecules with SCR/CCP domains that show high homology to the mammalian regulators of complement activation (RCA family). A multi-component complement system comprising at least the central molecule of the complement system, C3, Factor B, and MASP developed in the cnidarians and evolved into the multilevel cascade engaged in innate and acquired immunity of vertebrates. The adaptive immune system of mammals is also deeply rooted in the metazoan evolution. Some its precursors have been traced as deep as in sponges, namely, two classes of receptors that comprise Ig-like domains, the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), and the non-enzymic sponge adhesion molecules (SAM). The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T-cell receptor (TCR), B-cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes. However, genes closely resembling RAG1 and RAG2 have been uncovered in the genome of a see urchin. The ancestry of MHC gene remains unknown. Similarly, no homologue of the protein binding domain (PBD) in MHC molecules has been found in invertebrates. The pathway by which endogenous peptides are degraded for presentation with class I MHC molecules utilizes mechanisms similar to those involved in the normal turnover of intracellular proteins, apparently recruited to work also for the immune system. Several cDNAs coding for lysosomal enzymes, e.g., cathepsin, have been isolated from sponges. All chromosomal duplication events in the MHC region occurred after the origin of the agnathans but before the gnathostomes split from them. The V-domains of the subtype found in the receptors of T and B-cells are known from both agnathans and cephalochordates, although they do not rearrange. The rearrangement mechanism of the lymphocyte V-domains suggests its origin from a common ancestral domain existing before the divergence of the extant gnathostome classes. Activation-induced deaminase (AID) - homologous proteins have been found only in the gnathostomes. It appears thus that the adaptive immunity of vertebrates is a result of stepwise accumulation of small changes in molecules, cells and organs over almost half a billion years.

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Kto podróżuje w tym przedziale? Pomijane składniki żywności

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Doleżych B.

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nr 2

145-148

EN

Plants, including cereals, vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants are conglomer-ates co-created with microorganisms (phytosphere) and micro and mezofauna, but a typical food description does not reflect those mentioned complexities. Obligatory passengers influence plant life, co-deciding on growth, resistance to stress and pests etc. Endobionts together with invertebrates living inside and on the surface of plants become a part of the food product. Routine vegetable and fruit rinsing remove nothing from inside, what is more, leaving numerous inver-tebrates on their surface. In eating, we assimilate the whole conglomerate of organisms. We are obligatory bacterio and fungivores, additionally, we con-sume invertebrates. Vitarians eat them raw, while vegans this way, however only in micro scale, consume animal-origin food.

PL

Rośliny, włączając w nie zboża, warzywa, owoce i rośliny lekarskie, są konglo-meratami współtworzonymi z mikroorganizmami (fitosfera) oraz mikro- i mezo-fauną, a typowy opis żywności nie odzwierciedla tej złożoności. Obligatoryjni „pasażerowie” wpływają na życie roślin, współdecydując o ich wzroście, oporności na stres, szkodniki itd. Endobionty, wraz z żyjącymi w i na roślinach bezkręgowcami, stają się częścią produktu spożywczego. Typowy zabieg mycia warzyw i owoców nie usuwa niczego ze środka, pozostawiając także wiele bezkręgowców na powierzchni. Jedząc, zjadamy cały konglomerat organizmów. Wszyscy jesteśmy obligatoryjnymi bakterio- i grzybożercami. W naszej diecie są też bezkręgowce. Witarianie zjadają wszystko to na surowo, a weganie tą drogą, mimo że w mikroskali, przyjmują także pokarm zwierzęcy.