Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

MODELING THE TOTAL ENERGY COSTS OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE: A WORK IN PROGRESS

100%

Scott C. B. , Reis V. M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2016

|

tom 14

|

nr 2

5 - 12

EN

We present an aerobic and anaerobic, exercise and recovery energy cost model of intermittent energy costs utilizing task (work, Joules) as opposed to rate (per minute) measurements. Low to moderate intensity steady state exercise energy costs are typically portrayed as the volumetric rate at which oxygen is consumed (VO2 L min–1), where a proportionate upward climbing linear relationship is profiled with an increasing power output; add to this the concept of the anaerobic threshold and energy costs increase with more intense aerobic exercise in disproportion to VO2 L min–1 measurements. As a per task function, intermittent work and recovery bouts contain a combined estimate of total costs, that is as kJ or kcal (not kJ.min-1 or kcal.min-1). Adopting this approach to describe single and multiple sets of resistance training, the model that emerges for intermittent resistance exercise portrays linearity between equivalent work and total energy costs that differs proportionately among conditions – “continuous” muscular endurance vs. Intermittent higher load strength work, moderately paced vs. slower and faster conditions, smaller vs. larger working muscle masses and failure (fatigue) vs. non-failure states. Moreover, per kcal (or kJ) of total energy costs, work (J) is more inefficient with a greater load and lower repetition number as opposed to lower resistance with an increased number of repetitions. The concept of energy costs Rusing disproportionately with increased or prolonged work does not appear to apply to resistance exercise.

2

TOTAL ENERGY COSTS – AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC, EXERCISE AND RECOVERY – OF FIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISES

100%

Scott C. B. , Luchini A. , Knausenberger A. , Steitz A.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2014

|

tom 8

|

nr 4

53-59

EN

We utilized a non-steady state method (kJ per set, not kJ min–1) to estimate the total energy costs (aerobic and anaerobic, exercise and recovery) of five different resistance exercises: incline bench press, squat, deadlift, shoulder shrug and calf raise. Using a Smith machine, work was precisely measured as the product of the vertical distance the lifting bar traveled and the amount of weight lifted. The average of two lifts performed on separate days was completed by 16 women (165 cm; 61.1 kg; 21.8 years) and 22 men (180.5 cm; 83 kg; 23.7 years). Overall 40 data points (the averages of 80 lifts) were plotted and correlations completed within each exercise for work and total energy costs: deadlift r = 0.997, squat r = 0.977, incline press r = 0.947, shoulder shrug r = 0.921 and calf raise r = 0.941 (p < 0.05). The amount of oxygen consumed during exercise for each lift represented the lowest energy cost contribution (18%), followed by anaerobic (31%) and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC, 51%) (p < 0.05). The identification of work (J) along with an estimate of the total energy costs (kJ) revealed remarkably consistent relationships within any given resistance exercise, leading to a predictable increase in the cost of lifting for each exercise. However, due to the muscle/joint and movement characteristics of each exercise, the work to cost relationship differed for all lifts.

3

An Application of Incremental Running Test Results to Train Professional Soccer Players

88%

Radzimiński Ł. , Rompa P. , Dargiewicz R. , Ignatiuk W. , Jastrzębski Z.

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

|

2010

|

tom 2

|

nr 1

67-74

EN

Background: The aim of this study was to lay out an incremental running test to determine anaerobic threshold and its usefulness as a predictability factor of the physiological load on professional soccer players during soccer training activities.Material/Methods: Subjects performed multi-stage incremental running test at three time points throughout the soccer season on a synthetic soccer pitch to determine the lactate threshold. The initial speed was set at 2.8 m/s and increased by 0.4 m/s after each stage until termination. HR was recorded at 5-second intervals by the Polar heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, FIN) at the end of each 3.30 - 5 min running stage. A capillary blood sample was taken from the fingertip during 1 minute rest between stages. Blood lactate concentration from each sample was assigned to the corresponding values of the heart rate and the running speed. Beaver method was used to determine the lactate threshold (LT) and the corresponding values of HR (HR/LT) and the running speed (V/LT). According to V/LT and HR/LT players were assigned to running and training groups for optimal individualization of the training process. Players performed some training activities like running or small-sided games in those groups.Results: The velocity at LT in the first test was 3.61 ± 0.22 m/s and increased during the preparation period (Test 2 - 3.79 ± 0.21 m/s). A further increment was observed during the soccer season. HR/LT was 173.90 ± 7 bpm in the first test and decreased after preseason preparations to 168.58 ± 6.78 bpm. During the soccer season no significant changes were observed.Conclusions: In this study we have observed that aerobic fitness increased during the preparation period and a further increment was observed after the competitive season. The present study shows V/LT and HR/LT as useful indicators for programming and monitoring training loads.

4

Do Continuous and Intermittent Running Exercises Affect Leukocyte Count? Comparison of Acute and Chronic Effects

63%

Ozan M. , Buzdagli Y. , Siktar E. , Nurcan Kılıc B. , Bakan E.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

|

2023

|

tom 23

|

nr 1

70-80

EN

Background. It is widely accepted that physical exercise can cause changes in the immune system. Acute bouts of exercise can alter the number and function of leukocytes, but the degree of white blood cell increase depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise. Purpose. This aim is to examine the acute and chronic effects the white blood cell count and subsets in the bloodstream of the performance of continuous and intermittent running exercise as well as body composition. Material and Methods. In the adult category, the age, sports age and height of actively engaged in weight sports are respectively; total of 40 top-elite male athletes with CRG: 26.3±2.67 years, 9.1±1.08 years, and 177.3±5.06 cm and IRG: 25.6±2.79 years, 8.2±2.66 years and 179.9±6.51 cm participated. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements was used to identify differences between measurement points for leukocyte and subset values. The comparison of the groups effect was made by repeated measurements with a two-way (group x time) ANOVA. Results. According to the data obtained; in the CRG group, WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil values and in the IRG group; WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte values were found to be significantly different within the group between weeks. (p<0.05) When the CRG and IRG groups were compared, there was no significant difference between the groups. (p>0.05) Conclusions. Our study reveals that leukocyte and subset values acutely increase after both continuous and intermittent exercises in elite athletes, but when examined from a chronic point of view, blood values after exercise program are similar to resting states. Besides that, continuous and intermittent aerobic running exercises are thought to increase the performance and endurance of athletes.

PL

Tło. Powszechnie przyjmuje się, że ćwiczenia fizyczne mogą powodować zmiany w układzie odpornościowym. Gwałtowne okresy wysiłku fizycznego mogą zmienić liczbę i funkcję leukocytów, ale stopień wzrostu białych krwinek zależy od intensywności i czasu trwania ćwiczeń. Cel. Celem było zbadanie gwałtownego i przewlekłego wpływu liczby i podzbiorów białych krwinek w krwiobiegu na wykonywanie ciągłych i przerywanych ćwiczeń biegowych, a także na skład ciała. Materiał i metody. W kategorii osób dorosłych aktywnie uprawiających sporty siłowe (odpowiednio wg wieku, wieku sportowego i wzrostu) uczestniczyło łącznie 40 czołowych sportowców o CRG: 26,3±2,67 lat, 9,1±1,08 lat i 177,3±5,06 cm oraz IRG: 25,6±2,79 lat, 8,2±2,66 lat i 179,9±6,51 cm. W celu określenia różnic pomiędzy punktami pomiarowymi dla wartości leukocytów i podzbiorów zastosowano jednokierunkową analizę wariancji (ANOVA) z powtarzanymi pomiarami. Porównanie efektu grup zostało dokonane przez powtarzane pomiary z dwukierunkową analizą ANOVA (grupa x czas). Wyniki. Zgodnie z uzyskanymi danymi; w grupie CRG stwierdzono, że wartości WBC, limfocytów, neutrofili, monocytów, eozynofili, a w grupie IRG; wartości WBC, limfocytów, neutrofili i monocytów różniły się istotnie w obrębie grupy pomiędzy tygodniami. (p<0,05). W przypadku porównania grup CRG i IRG nie stwierdzono istotnej różnicy pomiędzy grupami (p>0.05). Wnioski. Niniejsze badania wykazały, że wartości leukocytów i podzbiorów krwi gwałtownie wzrastają zarówno po ćwiczeniach ciągłych, jak i przerywanych u elitarnych sportowców, ale badane z przewlekłego punktu widzenia, wartości krwi po programie ćwiczeń są podobne do tych w stanie spoczynku. Poza tym uważa się, że ciągłe i przerywane ćwiczenia aerobowe mogą zwiększyć wydajność i wytrzymałość sportowców.

5

Intermittent resistance exercise: evolution from the steady state

63%

Scott C. B.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2014

|

tom 06

|

nr 2

EN

Oxygen uptake measurements are without question useful and a staple measurement for the estimation of exercise energy costs. However, steady state models cannot be used to successfully model intermittent resistance exercise energy costs. Our laboratory has taken steps to avoid such comparisons between these discrepant exercises. We have separated out exercise and recovery periods during resistance training and utilize capacity (kJ) estimates as opposed to rate measures (kJ min–1). Moreover, we avoid anaerobic threshold concepts as applied to resistance exercise. When viewed accordingly, resistance exercise energy costs are opposite those of the steady state model: exercise oxygen uptake is highest for steady state exercise and lowest for resistance exercise, recovery oxygen uptake can be the highest energy cost for resistance exercise whereas for steady state exercise it may or may not be meaningful, and anaerobic energy costs represent a significant component of resistance exercise that plays little to no role with steady state exercise.