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tom 53
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nr 2
EN
Highly efficient systems remove the toxic and proinflammatory haemoglobin from the circulation and local sites of tissue damage. Macrophages are major haemoglobin-clearing cells; CD163 was recently recognized as the specific haemoglobin scavenger receptor (HbSR). It is tightly involved in both physiological as well as pathophysiological processes, such as cytoprotection and inflammation. Haemoglobin functions as a double-edged sword. In moderate quantities and bound to haptoglobin, it forms a ligand for haemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163/HbSR, but when unleashed in large amounts, it can become toxic by mediating oxidative stress and inflammation. CD163/HbSR plays a crucial role in the control of inflammatory processes, probably in part through its effects on both ferritin induction and subsequent induction of antiinflammatory pathways through interleukin-10 and haem oxygenase. Besides the observation that the haemoglobin scavenger receptor provides a promising target for new treatment possibilities, it offers a novel view on the aetiology of diverse physiological as well as pathophysiological processes. In addition, monocyte CD163/HbSR and soluble CD163/HbSR are potential diagnostic tools in a variety of disease states, such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, transplant rejection, and carcinoma.
EN
The aim of the study was to find out the potential prognostic value of proliferation activity and apoptosis in cholesteatoma and granulation tissue removed during middle ear reoperation in recurrent middle ear inflammation. Granulation tissues and recurrent cholesteatoma were analysed after being surgically removed from the middle ear in a group of 25 patients qualified for middle ear reoperation procedure. Paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin according to Mallory’s method. Immunohistochemical reaction Anti-PCNA was performed. Apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL method. The percentage of PCNA-positive cells was 42–95% in the matrix of the cholesteatoma and 29–81% in the perimatrix. In the granulation tissue it was 35–75%. The percentage of apoptotic cells was 12–73% in the matrix of the cholesteatoma, 5–72% in the perimatrix and 1–65 % in the granulation tissue. The prognostic value of the parameters studied in the recurrent middle ear inflammatory process is questionable, probably due to the small number of cases under examination.
EN
Oxidation of proteins is a common phenomenon in the inflammatory process medi­ated by highly reactive agents such as hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl-) produced by acti­vated neutrophils. For instance, in rheumatoid arthritis hypochlorite plays an impor­tant role in joint destruction. One of the major targets for HOCl/OCl- is collagen type II (CII) — the primary cartilage protein. In our study, HOCl/OCl- mediated collagen II modifications were tested using various methods: circular dichroism (CD), HPLC, ELISA, dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorimetry and spectrophotometry. It was shown that hypochlorite action causes deamination with consecutive carbonyl group formation and transformation of tyrosine residues to dichlorotyrosine. Moreover, it was shown that ammonium chloramine (NH^Cl) formed in the reaction mixture reacts with CII. However, in this case the yield of carbonyl groups and dichlorotyrosine is lower than that observed for HOCl/OCl- by 50%. CD data revealed that collagen II ex­ists as a random coil in the samples and that chlorination is followed by CII fragmenta­tion. In the range of low HOCl/OCl- concentrations (up to 1 mM) 10-90 kDa peptides are predominant whereas massive production of shorter peptides was observed for high (5 mM) hypochlorite concentration. DLS measurements showed that chlorina- tion with HOCl/OCl- decreases the radius of collagen II aggregates from 30 to 6.8 nm. Taking into account the fact that chlorinated collagen is partially degraded, the DLS results suggest that smaller micelles are formed of the 10-90 kDa peptide fraction. Moreover, collagen chlorination results in epitope modification which affects CII rec­ognition by anti-CII antibodies. Finally, since in the synovial fluid the plausible hypochlorite concentration is smaller than that used in the model the change of size of molecular aggregates seems to be the best marker of hypochlorite-mediated collagen oxidation.
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