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Wybrane groby z importami rzymskimi z cmentarzyska w Weklicach, pow. elbląski, stan. 7

100%

Natuniewicz-Sekuła M. , Okulicz-Kozaryn J.

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tom LIX

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nr 59

45-75

EN

In archaeological literature Elbląg Heights, in the eastern reaches of Vistula River delta, have been considered for some time as an important meeting ground for different peoples settled on the Baltic Sea during the Roman Period. This was suggested by the dense network of settlements and cemeteries dating from that period and grave inventories rich in prestigious local ornaments and Roman imports. Of 20 sites clustered along the margin of the upland (Fig. 1, 2) of special interest is the Wielbark Culture cemetery at Weklice, comm. and distr. Elbląg, site 7 (former Wöklitz vel Woeklitz, Kr. Elbing). In 2006 excavation was made of more than 1900 m2. Jointly with graves identified before 1945 the investigation produced 529 features; among them, 478 cremation and inhumation burials; a large percentage of grave deposits had been destroyed still during antiquity or the modern period. The dominant form of burial was inhumation (308); of 170 cremation graves the majority were urned, with no legible traces of the grave pit; pit burials were much less common. A special feature at Weklice was that graves crowded in a relatively small area, and – except in a small number of cases – there was no legible planigraphy. Many of the inhumation graves cut into other similar deposits and were themselves similarly disturbed; many cremation graves cut into inhumation graves and there were several robber trenches both of the antique and later periods. A preliminary analysis of cemetery chronology helped distinguish six phases (I–VI) early phase B1 to C2 (possibly even C3–D1?). Inhumation burials no. 208 and 495 belong the small number of well-preserved richly furnished graves dated to phase III of the cemetery, synchronized with phase B2/C1–C1a. Grave no. 208 (Fig. 3) discovered on the S slope of an elevation, disturbed in its upper layer by later burials. Rectangular 3.6×12 m outline of the grave pit, aligned NW-SE, detected at the depth of 1.2 m, ca 20 cm above the level of the burial. Traces of an oak box coffin survived at pit bottom; originally a stela had stood in S part of the grave pit. Incomplete skeletal remains of a senilis woman: teeth, fragments of the cranium and fragments of bones of forearms. Dress fittings in their original position within the outline of the skeleton. Above the cranium in N corner of the coffin, three imported vessels. 1.2. Pair of silver brooches type A II 41 (Fig. 4:1.2). 3. Silver brooch, group A VII, series 1, similar to type A VII 201 (Fig. 4:3). 4.5. Pair of silver snake-shaped bracelets, type Blume B, similar to type Wójcik IIIBb (Fig. 4:4.5). 6.7. Pair of silver wave-shaped bracelets (Wellenarmringe) (Fig. 4:6.7). 8. Gold S-clasp, type B (Fig. 4:8). 9.10. Two gold conical beads (Fig. 4:9.10). 11. Bronze needle fragment (Fig. 4:11). 12. Gilded silver disc brooch: round silver sheet disc wrapped in gilded foil, soldered on with tin-lead solder, on gilded foil, impressed image of emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, foil with its own soldered on border of gilded foil impressed with laurel wreath pattern (Fig. 5:12.12a). 13. Bronze belt buckle with buckle plate, type similar to AG29 (Fig. 5:13). 14. Bronze strap end, group JII, possibly type JII3 (Fig. 5:14). 15. Terra sigillata bowl, Dragendorff 37, variant of profile 168,14. Handsome good quality pure dark orange glaze (Fig. 6). 16. Cantharos (discovered inside the terra sigillata bowl); green slipped with light gold glaze; on the body, three horizontal rows of barbotine (Fig. 7). 17. Bronze kettle, type E 48, fractured handle mounts: the original stylised swan’s head mount, probably soldered flush with the handle; the other – quite crude, riveted on (Fig. 8). In Central European Barbaricum finds of imported Roman disc brooches are exceedingly rare. Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus identified on the fibula from grave 208 were co-emperors in AD 161–169. Here they are shown in high detail in an official double portrait expressing the idea of Concordiae augustorum. According to the analysis of this particular composition the image could have been impressed onto the foil from an intaglio while the laurel wreath motif was impressed from a different object, presumably, a medallion. The provenance of the brooch is unknown. A small group of disc brooches ornamented with foil decorated with the image of an emperor have been traced to Roman provinces and areas across the limes. The belt buckle differs from local bronzes discovered at Weklice by its unusual olive green patina, excellent casting and perfect polish of its surface. It finds correspondence in imitations of provincial Roman buckles, type Třebusice. The strap end was cast from similarly high class copper alloy and was equally well polished. Characteristic stylistic features of the entire decorative ensemble seen on the terra sigillata bowl suggest its origin as Central Gaulish workshops centred on Lezoux active in the latter half of the AD 2nd c. as well as association with the potter Cinnamus. Finds of glazed cantharoi north of the Danube are rare. Only six specimens are known from territory of Poland. Similarity of form, ornamentation and glaze suggests that the vessel from Weklice belongs to a group of vessels produced in central Italian workshops, in Latium or northern Campania. Their time of influx to Poland was probably ca AD 150, which corresponds to the wave of influx of Central Gaulish terra sigillata. Bronze kettles type E48, variants with oblique grooves, are the most popular form recorded in Barbaricum. Their two largest concentrations are known from the Danish Islands and the Vistula delta. Provenance of E 44–49 kettles is not fully clear given the almost complete absence of these vessel finds in Roman provinces. Grave no. 495 (Fig. 9) discovered on top of the elevation; the northernmost burial in the cemetery so far. Grave pit, aligned N-S, sub-rectangular, with rounded corners. Two small pits of irregular shape in NW and SE corners of the pit (resp., pits 495b and 495a) contained stones. The central part of the grave destroyed by animal burrow. Upper layer of grave pit contained a small number of tiny burnt human bones, charcoal and 10 heavily burnt sherds. An incomplete burial of a maturus female and grave furnishings found ca 62 cm below ground level; no burnt bones found in this layer. Local ‘Barbarian’ dress elements (brooch and amber bead) discovered on a secondary deposit; in the N part of the pit in situ deposit – set of imported vessels arranged around the remains of wooden casket still retaining metal fittings. 1. Bronze brooch, type A II 41 (Fig. 10:1). 2. Bronze needle or brooch pin, two fragments (Fig. 10:2). 3. Amber disc bead, hand-polished, type TM 389 (Fig. 10:3). 4. Glass bead fragment, transparent yellow glass (Fig. 10:4). 5. 10 sherds of miniature vessel (Fig. 10:5). 6–10. Wooden casket. Traces of two sides and two fragments of lid. On underside of lid, bronze rectangular lock mount fastened to wood by 4 bronze rivets (Fig. 10:6.7a–e); 2 further bronze rivets attached to both edges of lid (Fig. 10:9.10). Under the lock mount, rectangular bronze sheet plaque (Fig. 10:8), presumably part of the lock mount covering one of the key holes. At centre of casket, bronze lock spring with double wing made of two separate rods; in the longer wing at ⅔ of its length an opening, presumably for attaching the spring to casket (Fig. 10:11). 12. Bronze saucepan, type E 142, with stamp of manufacturer TALIO.F. (Talio fecit) on the handle; tinned inside and outside on upper body (Fig. 11, 12). 13.14. Bronze ladle and strainer set, type E 161 (Fig. 13). 15.16. Two glass cups, type E188a, transparent light green glass; ornamented on body with two applied glass threads interlaced in a figure-of-eight pattern (Fig. 14). According to a new system of classification of vesselsstamped with their maker’s name the Roman bronze saucepan, type E 142, from grave 495 is classifiable to type V,4b (grouping types Eggers 139–142), specimens having a deep bowl a ring handle. The find from Weklice has only two known parallels in Poland: variant V,4c, from Łęg Piekarski, distr. Turek (phase B1c) and variant V,4b, from Żegocino, distr. Sławno (phase C1). The bronze saucepan from Weklice is one of only six specimens stamped TALIO.F known from Barbaricum and Roman provinces (Fig. 15). A craftsman by the name of Talius may have been associated with early 2nd c. AD Gaulish metalworking workshops. The bronze ladle and strainer set, type E 161, belongs to the so-called late forms which arrived to Poland by sea from the mouth of the Rhine by way of Danish Isles. Production of such sets in Gaul intensified around AD 150; similar sets may have been manufactured also in Pannonia. Outside the Empire the largest number of complete ladle and strainer sets is recorded in Scandinavia, mostly Zealand and Fyn. Taking into account the Weklice find, type E 161 forms are now represented in Poland by 23 items, complete sets or otherwise. Glass cups, type E 188, are extremely rare in Barbaricum. A pair analogous to the specimens from Weklice occurred at Linówiec, distr. Starogard Gdański, in an assemblage from phase B2/C1–C1a. The deposit of imported Roman vessels from grave 495 represents a typical Roman wine-drinking set which included a bronze bucket, cauldron or a pan, a ladle and wine-strainer set as well as a pair of metal or glass drinking vessels. The set of ornaments discovered in grave 208 – 10 local forms in the so-called ‘Wielbark baroque style’, and three items apparently imported from the Roman Empire – are of great value for refining the chronology of phase III of the cemetery at Weklice, corresponding to phase B2/C1–C1a. Especially significant are the paired silver brooches, type A II 41, and the silver crossbow brooch with a high catchplate, similar to type A VII 201. The gravefield at Weklice yielded 63 brooches which by their attributes correspond to type A II 40–41, all the variants recently distinguished by Jan Schuster (Fig. 16–19). Additionally, site produced 12 brooches less easy to fit into the typology which correspond by their parameters and details of construction both to type A II 38, and type A II 40–41 (Fig. 20). In their majority they are in bronze, but in no less than 15 cases – in silver. Different variants of type A II 40–41 brooches occurred in association with brooches of having an ‘Early Roman’ construction (type A V 126–128 – graves 250, 452, 467; type similar to A V 130 – grave 252; type A V 132 – graves 402, 434) but also others which had a ‘Late Roman’ construction (type A VII 201–202 –graves 208, 256, 342, 455; type A VI 161/162 – graves 192, 353; type similar to A VI 167 – grave 452). This second group evidently define the younger horizon of phase III of the cemetery; other local forms also co-occurred with Early Roman and Late Roman finds. It is notable that all of type A II 40–41 specimens recorded in association with Late Roman fibulae have a relatively high catchplate, a detail characteristic for group VII brooches; this is also true of the brooch type A II 40–41 from grave 495. The large number of cases of co-occurrence at Weklice of ‘Early Roman’ and ‘Late Roman’ brooches lend weight to the proposition made in the past by Ryszard Wołągiewicz that in Wielbark Culture. Early Roman brooches continued in use until phase C1b. It is worth noting that grave assemblages no. 208 and 495 from Weklice define the later chronological sub-phase of phase B2/C1C1a with a greater affinity with the Late Roman Period which at the present stage of research cannot be specified in greater detail.

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Zapinka Almgren 18b z miejscowości Przezmark, pow. sztumski – ponowne spojrzenie

84%

Chrupek S. D.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2022

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tom 320

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nr 1

151-160

EN

In 2017 members of the association “Galea” in the surroundings of Przezmark, Sztumski poviat, discovered a number of archaeological monuments. Among them, a fragmentary clasp made of a copper alloy stands out (Fig. 1). It represents the rare European type Almgren 18b in the typology of T. Völling dated to the turn of the era. For this reason, these brooches in Poland are the earliest Roman imports, incoming along the so-called amber trail. The few grave complexes equipped with such clasps from the Chełmno land also fit into the extensive problem of transformation of the so-called Wielbark type taking place within the settlement of the Oksywie culture. Fibula Almgren 18b from Przezmark is also the earliest and furthest north-east of the lower Vistula find (Fig. 2).

PL

W 2017 r. członkowie stowarzyszenia „Galea” w okolicy Przezmarka, pow. sztumski, odkryli szereg zabytków archeologicznych. Wśród nich wyróżnia się zachowana fragmentarycznie zapinka wykonana ze stopu miedzi (Ryc. 1). Reprezentuje ona rzadki w skali europejskiej typ Almgren 18b w typologii T. Völlinga (przyp. 6) datowany na przełom er (przyp. 9-11). Z tego powodu, zapinki te na ziemiach polskich stanowią najwcześniejsze importy rzymskie (przyp. 12) napływające tzw. szlakiem bursztynowym (przyp. 14). Nieliczne zespoły grobowe wyposażone w takie zapinki z ziemi chełmińskiej wpisują się także w rozbudowaną problematykę przemian tzw. typu wielbarskiego zachodzących w obrębie osadnictwa kultury oksywskiej (przyp. 16, 17, 18, 19). Fibula A.18b z Przezmarka stanowi także najwcześniejsze i najdalej wysunięte na północny-wschód od dolnej Wisły znalezisko (Ryc. 2; przyp. 26).

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Prowincjonalnorzymska emaliowana zapinka tarczowata z miejscowości Wierzonka, pow. poznański

84%

Kawecka A.

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nr 69

187-190

EN

In 2018, a bronze brooch dating to the Roman Period was handed over to the County Monuments Preservation Department of the Poznań County Office. The artefact was discovered accidentally in a forest area within the grounds of the village of Wierzonka, in the commune of Swarzędz, Poznań County (Fig. 1). The brooch comes from as of yet unknown, unidentified archaeological site. The characteristic feature of the brooch (Fig. 2:a–c) is a circular disc with two smaller, round, bowl-shaped protrusions at its perimeter; a third such protrusion could have originally been located on the upper part of the disc. A raised circular knob (tutulus) cast together with the fibula body is located at the center of the disc. The flat tip of the knob is decorated with two round, enameled fields – a yellow field on the inside, and a blue and navy one on the outside. Both protrusions could have also been originally enameled. What constitutes a special element of the Wie¬rzonka brooch is an openwork triangle with circular, bowl-shaped protrusions at each corner, probably also initially enameled. The brooch has a hinged construction, typical of provincial Roman fibulae. Preserved length of the brooch is 3.9 cm, full height approx. 1.6 cm, disc diameter 2.0 cm. The brooch corresponds to type I 52 after K. Exner (1941) or 7.13 after E. Riha (1994) and also to types IV/2/1/1 and IV/2/1/3 in the classification of enameled fibulae from Panonia (A. Vaday 2003). Close analogies to the brooch from Wierzonka can be found in the Rhine and Danube provinces of the Roman Empire (Fig. 3). They are dated to the 2nd and 3rd century AD, which does not allow for an unequivocal identification of the Wierzonka brooch with either the Przeworsk or Wielbark Cultures, more so since this fibula is a unique specimen in the territory of Poland.

4

Nowe materiały z okresu wpływów rzymskich z Osówki, pow. lubelski

67%

Kuzioła A.

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tom LXXI

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nr 71

384-388

EN

Until now, Osówka (Fig. 1) has been known from the scant mention by Stefan Nosek who described an accidentally discovered grave of the Przeworsk Culture. In 1994, attempts were made to localise the site, but they proved unsuccessful. The breakthrough came in 2008 thanks to three bronze brooches that were handed over to Ass. Prof. Piotr Łuczkiewicz from the Institute of Archaeology at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. In the same year, a local site inspection was carried out to further verify the find. During exploration of the site, several fragments of pottery were found, including possibly shards of Przeworsk Culture vessels. The brooches from Osówka were typologically identified as a late form of the Almgren 41 type, an Almgren 96 type, and a provincial Roman knee brooch of the Almgren 247 type. Almgren 41 brooches are widespread in Wielbark Culture areas and much less common in Przeworsk Culture areas. Such brooches are traditionally dated to the late stage of phase B2 and above all to phases B2/C1 or B2/C1–C1a. Based on size, the Osówka copy (Fig. 2:a) was determined as type X1 according to the classification proposed by Jan Schuster. This is an interregional form mostly found in female burials. Almgren 96 brooches (Fig. 2:b) are typical of the Wielbark Culture, however, in much smaller numbers they also appear in the Przeworsk Culture area. The type is the guiding form of the B2/C1 phase. The third brooch (Fig. 2:c), having a semi-circular head plate ornamented with a so-called wolf teeth pattern should be assigned to type 13D after Werner Jobst or to variant 3.12.1 according to the classification by Emilie Riha. These types of brooches are characteristic of the Danube and Rhine provinces of the Roman Empire where were in use mostly in the 2nd and 3rd century CE. Osówka brooches confirm that that the site was a Roman Period cemetery. The grave published by Stefan Nosek proves that in phase B2 it was used by a local Przeworsk community. Three brooches found in 2008 are evidence that the cemetery remained in use in phase B2/C1. However, it is very difficult to determine its cultural affiliation in this phase. In eastern Poland (i.e. right-bank Mazovia, Podlachia, and the Lublin Region) at the turn of the early and late Roman Period, the current Przeworsk settlement was gradually replaced by the Wielbark settlement.

5

Prowincjonalnorzymska zapinka Almgren 236c z Bajd w pow. iławskim – jeden z najstarszych śladów penetracji Pojezierza Iławskiego przez ludność kultury wielbarskiej

67%

Cieśliński A.

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tom LXXI

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nr 71

359-368

EN

In the collection of the Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn, there is a Roman provincial brooch made of copper alloy (Fig. 1). It was found in the northern suburbs of Zalewo in the County of Iława, NE Poland. Administratively, the area belongs to the village of Bajdy, located about three kilometres to the north-west. The artefact represents a group of brooches with two knobs on the bow (German Doppelknopffibeln), type 236 in keeping with Oscar Almgren, variant c according to a detailed study by Jochen Garbsch. Such specimens are characterised primarily by a frame-like foot and the construction of the spring mechanism in which the chord is held in place by a relatively narrow hook. Brooches with a double knob on the bow, the so-called winged brooches (Almgren 238) and characteristic openwork belt fittings are considered to be some of the main metal elements of Norico-Pannonian female dress. Almgren 236c-variant fibulae are indeed largely concentrated in the area of Noricum and Pannonia, although they are also known from Raetia and, in smaller numbers, from the northern parts of Italy and Dalmatia. Their local manufacture is confirmed by, for example, the casting moulds and partly finished pieces found at a Noric settlement in Magdalensberg, Carinthia. Fibulae of variant Almgren 236c are also very numerous in Barbaricum and indicate contacts, mainly of a commercial nature, with Roman provinces. According to recently published compilations, specimens representing this variant were present at more than 50 sites in several distinct concentrations: in the Czech Republic, south-western Slovakia and adjacent parts of Lower Austria and Poland (Fig. 2). North of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, Almgren 236c brooches are more clearly concentrated in the territory occupied by the Przeworsk Culture in central Poland, western Lesser Poland and right-bank Mazovia. The last large area of concentration is on the Lower Vistula River, at a few sites of the Wielbark Culture. The chronology of Almgren 236c brooches in the territory of the Roman Empire covers the entire 1st century CE. Such fibulae are found in contexts from the late period of Augustus’s reign to the rule of Trajan, although most of the assemblages do not date beyond the Claudian period, i.e. the middle of the first century. Even though Almgren 236c brooches are often part of grave-goods in the area of Barbaricum, the number of precisely dated assemblages is, unfortunately, small. In the Czech Republic, these forms are considered to define stage B1b after Eduard Droberjar, corresponding in absolute chronology to 20/30–40/50 CE, or, more broadly, late phase B1 of the classical (Czech) eye brooch horizon up to 50/70 CE. In the areas north of the Carpathians and the Sudetes, Almgren 236c fibulae should also be dated to the mature stage of phase B1. According to the studies carried out so far, the northern part of the Iława Lakeland in phase B1 was part of a vast deserted area separating the territories occupied by the populations of the Wielbark Culture on the Lower Vistula and the Nogat, of the Przeworsk Culture in Northern Mazovia, of the Bogaczewo Culture in Masuria and of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture in Sambia (Fig. 3). The site where the Bajdy fibula was discovered is closest to the Wielbark Culture settlement, south of the ancient bay of the Vistula Lagoon, whose remnant is the present-day Drużno Lake; it lies about 20 km by air from the Święty Gaj cemetery and the remains of a dyke in Bągart. The Almgren 236c brooch from Bajdy, together with a recently discovered and yet unpublished Almgren 18b fibula from nearby Przezmark, as well unpublished Almgren 53 fibula from Jawty Wielkie, is the oldest trace of penetration of the northern part of the Iława Lakeland by the people of the Wielbark Culture. These episodes should be dated to the phase B1, i.e. several decades before regular settlement activity of the Wielbark Culture in phase B2b, which led to the occupation of extensive areas of the Iława Lakeland, the Warmian Plain and the western edge of the Olsztyn Lakeland, reaching roughly up to the longitudinal line of the Pasłęka River.