Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Cryonics: Technological Fictionalization of Death

100%

Ilnicki R.

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nr 4(6)

36–45

EN

The article focuses on a change in the understanding of death. Transhumanism is here understood as a reaction to the technicization of culture. One of the areas which are declared to be transcended by technology is human mortality. Analysis of such a change is conducted to show that one does not need a working technology that abolishes death, but that the change could be cultural and have significant impact on human life. This process of transcending death with the usage of technology is understood as a fictionalization of death. The philosophical and cultural outcomes are analyzed for human existence.

2

Review: "Śmierć, nieśmiertelność, sens życia. Egzystencjalny wymiar filozofii Ludwiga Wittgensteina," by Ireneusz Ziemińsk

100%

Derra A.

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nr 2

389-395

EN

The article reviews the book Śmierć, nieśmiertelność, sens życia. Egzystencjalny wymiar filozofii Ludwiga Wittgensteina [Death, Immortality, the Meaning of Life: The Existential Dimension of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophy], by Ireneusz Ziemiński

3

Pojęcie nieśmiertelności w filozofii Johna Harrisa

100%

Pokorski B.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

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2018

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tom 43

43-64

EN

The main goal of this article is to analyze the notion of immortality, to place it in the context of bioethical debate over the concept of human enhancement and to present problems related to these issues. In the text, I attempt to briefly discuss the question of human enhancement in reference to the technological progress and Harris's program of enhancing evolution. Afterwards I try to show what for Harris immortality is, what types of it he distinguishes, why is it worth dealing with and how. Finally, I present the main allegations against immortality and the way Harris opposes them. A side goal, or rather a postulate, is my attempt to propose a direction for further research both on the issue of immortality and in the field of human enhancement.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza pojęcia nieśmiertelności, wpisanie go w kontekst debaty bioetycznej poświęconej pojęciu udoskonalania człowieka i przedstawienie problemów wiążących się z tymi zagadnieniami. W tekście podejmuję próbę krótkiego omówienia kwestii udoskonalania człowieka w nawiązaniu do postępu technologicznego i zarysowanego przez Harrisa programu ewolucji udoskonalającej. Następnie staram się pokazać czym dla Harrisa jest nieśmiertelność, jakie jej typy wyróżnia, dlaczego warto się nią zajmować i w jaki sposób. Wreszcie przedstawiam główne zarzuty kierowane pod adresem nieśmiertelności i to, jak Harris się im przeciwstawia. Celem pobocznym, czy raczej postulatem, jest próba zaproponowania kierunku dalszych badań zarówno nad zagadnieniem nieśmiertelności jak i w dziedzinie udoskonalania człowieka.

4

The Dualist Project and the Remote-Control Objection

100%

Olson E. T.

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tom 69

|

nr 1

89-101

PL

Substance dualism says that all thinking beings are immaterial. This sits awkwardly with the fact that thinking requires an intact brain. Many dualists say that bodily activity is causally necessary for thinking. But if a material thing can cause thinking, why can’t it think? No argument for dualism, however convincing, answers this question, leaving dualists with more to explain than their opponents.

5

Choroba i nieśmiertelność

100%

Jochymek R.

Świat i Słowo

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2009

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tom Świat i Słowo 2009, nr 2 (13)

113-124

EN

In her text The Angels Know Their Profession Agata Paluch makes a heroic attempt to assess the value of life in general. She mentions its passing commonly unseen in the hasty chaos of small matters. The author presents the evolution of her attitude to illness, conventional medicine and different ways of self-curing. All her struggles are full of dignity, general fight for keeping health as well as a distance to herself, her weakness and the whole process of curing. She refuses to accept the illness and her unattractive body and that defines the narratorauthor’s identity. There are 22 reports about illness weaved into Zuza’s Diary, which is the axis of the book. They describe the suffering and the leaving of people in order to show that all people around die and that the Evil is the immanent feature of the world. The illness does not roll in the void of life and by combining the Diary with the reports the author creates a new quality of this prose. It turns it into a kind of parable of the human, earthly holiness.

6

The End of Life As “Non” Death

100%

Tarca L. V.

Ethics in Progress

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2019

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tom 10

|

nr 1

153-172

EN

Taking the cue from some verses of Rilke’s Duineser Elegien, where the poet talks about the distinction between life and death, a distinction which mortals perform too rigidly, in this paper I discuss the contrast just between life and death, in order to understand the conditions under which the first truly distinguishes itself from the latter. This happens to the extent that life is also distinguished from the denial of death because otherwise, being the negation a form of necation (nex = killing, murder), the presumed denial of death would reverse in a triumph of death. In the present age this circumstance is particularly evident and significant, since humanity aims at a technological realization of im‑mortality, understood as the denial of death. To the extent that this remains a negative operation, it takes the form of the scrapping of mortals. True liberation/salvation from death presupposes that the negation itself is called into question. Only on this condition, in fact, is possible a life free from any form of necation. This freedom presupposes, inter alia, a “non” education, intended as an education to be able to freely play with the negative of death and denial.

7

Nefryt jako lekarstwo w dawnych Chinach – analiza lingwistyczno-kulturowa

88%

Sarek K.

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nr 1-2

89-95

EN

The Chinese not only esteemed jade for its preciousness and beauty but also perceived it as a stone of great symbolic importance. Among many symbolic meanings ascribed to jade, such as ritual and aesthetic, there is also one less known, i.e. medical. This paper examines the significance of jade as an elixir of immortality and describes the origin of this phenomenon connected with Taoist beliefs, its history and the method of its taking. After long centuries of its use, jade almost disappeared from tombs as an important element of burials between the Eastern Han dynasty and Tang dynasty during the time due to its consumption. This paper examines historical sources, such as the writings of Ge Hong and Li Shizhen and refers to the exact composition of the jade medicaments. It also claims that the side effects were the main reason for its abandonment in the times of Tang dynasty. This article provides an overview of cultural, religious, and practical background of the original and short-term use of jade as an immortality elixir.

8

Gilgamesh’s Quest for Immortality (Gilg. IX–XI) as a Narratological Pattern for Odysseus’s nostos (Od. V,1–XIII,187)

88%

Kozlowski J. M.

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2018

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tom 54

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nr 1-2

11-31

EN

This article provides new support for the thesis that the author of the Odyssey probably knew the Epic of Gilgamesh, arguing that the tripartite narrative of Odysseus’s return home (nostos) via Ogygia, Scheria, and Ithaca (Od. V,1–XIII,187) reflects the tripartite scheme of the unsuccessful journey that Gilgamesh undertook in pursuit of immortal life via Mashu, Dilmun, and Uruk (Gilg. IX–XI).

9

Mikołaj Bierdiajew jako inspiracja dla filozoficznego myślenia o piekle

88%

Pawliszyn M.

Logos i Ethos

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2013

|

nr 2(35)

195–218

XX

In the discussion concerning the understanding of what hell is, the opinion of the Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev is very important. He is strongly opposed to the attempts to rationalize the problem saying that, sooner or later, they breed fear and anxiety. Hell is pure subjectivity, the inability to go beyond the circle of our spirit’s constant torment. Therefore, hell is not related to objectivity. Rather, it is a total confinement, a state of helplessness. It is being imprisoned in time, which has no end, a dream, from which it is impossible to wake up. Thus, it is not the result of God’s decision, a punishment for committed sins. On the contrary, it is the result of choice, being in favor of your own loneliness. Ultimately, it will remain only a creation of our rationalization. Therefore, we must have hope (which perhaps will be false) that hell does not exist.

10

Was Calypso Able to Make Odysseus Immortal?

87%

Bartol K.

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nr 2

5-16

EN

The article, focusing primarily on the Odyssey 5. 135–6, offers a set of remarks designed to foreground the qualities that make the Calypso episode not only interesting as an example of how the epic poet exploits traditional themes and phrases, but exciting as a story of a man’s desire.

11

Starość i stary człowiek w poezji Nikołaja Zabołockiego. Kilka spostrzeżeń

75%

Apanowicz F.

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tom 163

191-201

EN

This article analyses the theme of the old age in the poetry of Nikolay Zabolotsky. A few poems from different periods of the poet’s artistic life are being considered. These poems show the theme of old age in the most complete way. In the poem New Life the old age was incorporated into an ideological opposition „an old and new world” but both these elements became the subject of a parody. The poems Birds and „Yesterday, while thinking about death…” show an idea of the poet’s nature philosophy. In the first poem the old age and youth unite in the mutual cognitive act. The second one talks about the unity of the nature where aman as the nature’s brain has been perfecting it for generations. In the poem A blind man this optimistic tone collapses. The sad song of a blind old man corresponds with the poet’s feeling of being lost and with far light of the stars indifferent to humans. Recollection, however, is ameticulous combination of the description of old age afflictions and asymbolic vision of the icebound Siberia, while the poem „Somewhere in the fields, nearby Magadan…” is a realistic description of wandering of old prisoners across the snowy wasteland of Siberia and their freezing to death somehow connected with the light spectacle of the stars in the night sky, stars indifferent to the fate of men. Old age is a lyrical reference to the ancient myth of Filemon and Baucis, which describes a calm death of the old couple united by the eternal love, and it is asign of acceptance of death as an inseparable part of life.

RU

В статье рассматривается тема старости в поэзии Николая Заболоцкого. Анализу подверглось несколько стихотворений из разных периодов его творчества, в которых эта тема проявилась наиболее полным образом. В стихотворении Новый Быт старость включена в идеологическую оппозиционную пару „старый и новый мир”, но оба члена этой пары стали объектом пародии. Поэма Птицы и стихотворение Вчера, о смерти размышляя… выражают идеи его натурфилософии: в первом старость и молодость соединяются всовместном акте познания мира, а во втором речь идет о единстве всей природы, в которой человек, как ее разум, из поколения в поколение трудится над ее усовершенствованием. В стихотворении Слепой рушится этот оптимистический тон — грустная и злая песня слепого старика созвучна растерянности поэта и равнодушным по отношению к людям небесным светилам. Воспоминание — это искусное соединение описания старческих недугов с символической картиной скованной морозом сибирской равнины, а стихотворение Где-то в поле, возле Магадана… реалистическое описание идущих по снежной пустыне Сибири узников и их замерзания соединяет с мистерией небесных звезд, тоже равнодушных к судьбе людей. Старость является лирической реминисценцией древнего мифа о Филемоне и Бавкиде и описывает спокойную смерть соединенной вечной любовью пары старичков, что выражает примирение со смертью как неотъемлемой частью жизни.

12

Search for Immortality in Ancient and Modern Sport

75%

Pisk J.

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nr 1

5-12

EN

There is only one real problem each human being faces: death. Nobody lives eternally. In essence, humans are mortal beings; beings-unto-death, as framed by Heidegger. But human beings are never reconciled with this fact. Since ancient times, humans have been searching for ways to become immortal and to somehow stay alive eternally. In this paper we will focus on one specific common understanding of immortality among people - immortality in memory. Since ancient Greece, success and fame have meant not only different privileges in the community but also achieving symbolic immortality. Artists, politicians, and athletes - all of them were trying to become well known. So other people would remember them after their death, praise them, and keep them in their memory. In times when transcendental immortality was not known (or accepted), this was the only means to becoming immortal. To this day, lists and statues of ancient Greek Olympic champions have survived. So in a way champions are still alive - they achieved immortality. With the rise of metaphysics in philosophy and the also the Christian understanding of transcendental immortality, the need to be famous, to stay alive in memory, has declined. But nowadays, when the faith in transcendental immortality is weak, once again the ancient notion of immortality is becoming more and more powerful. Being famous, recognized among others, staying in the memory of others - this can be one of the important motives in striving to become a champion in the field of sport.

13

The intrabody targeting of hTERT attenuates the immortality of cancer cells

75%

Zhu X. , Yang N. , Cai J. , Yang G. , Liang S. , Ren D.

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tom 15

|

nr 1

32-45

EN

hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) plays a key role in the process of cell immortalization. Overexpression of hTERT has been implicated in 85% of malignant tumors and offers a specific target for cancer therapy. In this paper, we describe an effective approach using a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) intrabody derived from monoclonal hybridoma directed against hTERT to attenuate the immortalization of human uterine cervix and hepatoma cells. The scFv we constructed had a high affinity to hTERT, and specifically neutralized over 70% of telomere synthesis activity, thereby inhibiting the viability and proliferation of the cancer cells. Our results indicate that this anti-hTERT intrabody is a promising tool to target hTERT and intervene in the immortalization process of cancer cells.

14

Remaining human in a transhumanist world

63%

Bugajska A.

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nr 1(31)

61-72

PL

Biorąc pod uwagę, że transhumanistyczna wizja świata jest często przedstawiana jako pożądana dla ludzi i optymistycznie utopijna, celem artykułu jest zbadanie jednej z takich wizji, wyobrażonej przez Scotta Westerfelda w duologii Succession, aby sprawdzić, czy taki utopijny model nie zagraża przetrwaniu ludzkości. Unikając zwykłych, stricte dystopijnych i alarmistycznych scenariuszy, postmortalny i ekstropijny świat Westerfelda jest pełen wyzwań dla transhumanistycznych idei i pobudza do refleksji nad rzeczywistymi podstawami, na których miałaby się opierać przyszła komunikacja i współpraca, oraz nad granicami ulepszeń, których nie należy przekraczać, by uniknąć dehumanizacji.

EN

Given that the transhumanist vision of the world is frequently painted as desirable for people and optimistically utopian, the article’s aim is to investigate one of such visions, imagined by Scott Westerfeld in The Succession duology to see if such a utopian model accounts for the necessity of the survival of humanity. While avoiding the usual strictly dystopian and alarmist scenarios, Westerfeld’s postmortal and extropian world is rife with challenges to the transhumanist ideas, asking about the actual grounds on which future communication and cooperation would be based, and the limits of enhancement that need to be drawn not to lead to dehumanization.

15

Концепції безсмертя в любовній бароковій поезії. Компаративний підхід

63%

Sobol W.

|

tom 168

49-62

EN

The ideas of immortality in love poetry of the Baroque era: A comparative study The article deals with two pieces of poetry from the early and late Baroque: Simon Zimorowic’s Russian Ladies and Pylyp Orlyk’s The Sarmatian Hippomenes. The author argues that the ideas of immortality аrе expressed in these two pieces by the use of a sophisticated language of love together with ancient symbolism and complex rhetoric that stimulate the reader’s self-knowledge. Moreover, the author comes to the conclusion that both pieces were inspired by Adam of Bocheń’s (Adam of Łowicz) piece published in 1507 in Cracow as Conversations of Adamus Polonus, doctor of liberal sciences and medicine, doctor of the brightest Polish king Sigismund, about four states disputing about the right to immortality, given to the most distinguished and most eminent ruler, divine Sigismund, King of Poland, the Great Prince of Lithuania, begins joyfully. Moreover, the author argues that in the poetry of Orlyk the way to immortality is the life of noble deeds and nobility of the spirit.

RU

Концепции бессмертия в любовной позии барокко. Компаративный подход В статье проанализированы образцы поэзии низового и высокого барокко. Исследована в сравнительном аспекте поэтика произведений: Роксоланки Симона Зиморовича и свадебный панегирик Гиппомен Сарматский Филиппа Орлика. В этих произведениях идея бессмертия выражается с помощью языка любви, в его высоком стилевом регистре, посредством античной символики, изысканной риторики, стимуляцией рецепиента к самопознанию. В статье сделан вывод, что произведения обоих авторов инспирированы напечатанной в 1507 году в Кракове похвалой супружества как пути к бессмертию. Это латинскоязычное сочинение Адама из Бохеня: Диалог Адама Поляка, кандидата свободных искусств и медицинских наук, врача пресветлого государя польского короля Сигизмунда с четырьмя государствами, спорящими о праве на бессмертие, предложенный пресветлому и предостойному правителю, божественному Сигизмунду, королю Польши, великому литовскому князю, начинается радостно. В поэзии Орлика ключ к бессмертию — это также поступки, символизирующие благородные помыслы и высоту духа.

16

Podmiotowy aspekt wiary według Immanuela Kanta

63%

Sieńkowski M.

|

nr 3

717-732

EN

The subjective faith, in Kant’s approach, is a way of recognizing truth. This method is justified by subjective reasons, with the simultaneous lack of objective ones. What is recognized in the way of faith as truths are the postulates of practical reason regarding the existence of God and the immortality of man. The subjectivity of faith is expressed in the fact that it is a disposition, state, principle of mind (habitus) in recognizing truth in what is to be assumed as a necessary condition of the highest good which is the object of the will. Since faith belongs to the moral order, it is sometimes called a moral faith. Its task is to determine the will on the basis of moral law. As a way of recognizing the postulates of practical reason as true, faith takes a form of judgments stating the existence of these postulates. For this reason, the subjective faith is an act of the intellect, because it is the intellect that is entitled to state truths. Kant calls the subjective faith a pure practical rational faith. This faith is the principle of the intellect whereby it states that one should accept the conditions of the highest good in view of the practical imperative to realize this good. The structure of the subjective faith, according to Kant, corresponds to its object. However, in order to recognize its object, the faith does not require any additional conditions in the form of, for example, grace, but it is entirely actualized by virtue of human natural abilities. Therefore, Kant’s rational faith is totally a natural faith.

17

Podstawy biblijne i współczesne aspekty kryzysu antropologicznego

63%

Kopiec M. A.

|

tom 19

339-360

EN

The current era as never before has been marked by phenomena indicating a deep moral, anthropological and social crisis. It affects the quality of life of both individuals and multiple communities of an ethnic, cultural, racial, religious, etc. Teaching of the Church, asfundamentally directed at explaining the contents of Divine Revelation, cares for the human good, formulating structures of healthy humanism, in defense against the effects of postmodernism and nihilism. The present article presents basic theological notions which underlie the redefinition of the notion the humanism in the context of contemporary aspects of theanthropological crisis. The first part discusses the theological foundation for defining the value of a person and a family. Biblical sources concerning the creative and saving concept of the social order, conditioned theologically, are included here. The second one describes the immanent reductionism, detailing atheism, materialism, agnosticism, eclecticism, relativism, historism, scientism – as concepts defining aspects of the anthropological crisis.

PL

Obecna epoka jak nigdy wcześniej naznaczona jest zjawiskami wskazującymi na głęboki kryzys moralny, antropologiczny i społeczny. Odbija się on negatywnie na jakości życia zarówno pojedynczych osób jak i wielorakich wspólnot o charakterze etnicznym, kulturowym, rasowym religijnym etc. Nauczanie Kościoła, jako fundamentalnie skierowane do wyjaśniania treści Objawienia Bożego, troszczy się o dobro ludzkie, formułując struktury zdrowego humanizmu, w obronie przed skutkami postmodernizmu i nihilizmu. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje podstawowe pojęcia teologiczne, które leżą u podstaw redefinicji pojęcia humanizm w kontekście współczesnych aspektów kryzysu antropologicznego. W pierwszej części omówiony został fundament teologiczny do definiowania wartości osoby i rodziny. Uwzględniono tu źródła biblijne dotyczące stwórczej i zbawczej koncepcji porządku społecznego, uwarunkowanej teologalnie. W drugiej części opisano immanentny redukcjonizm, z wyszczególnieniem ateizmu, materializmu, agnostycyzmu, eklektyzmu, relatywizmu, historycyzmu, scjentyzmu – jako pojęć określających aspekty kryzysu antropologicznego.

18

Rational vs. Mystical Readings of Aristotle’s Nous Poietikos Introduction to the Subject and Overview of Central Positions

63%

Kamińska S.

|

tom 39

19-35

EN

In my paper, I will give an overview of the readings of nous poietikos, the active intellect from De Anima. Sadly, Aristotle describes it in a cryptic way, which resulted in many different theories. I will order them by introducing a division into “mystical” and “rational”. The mystical ones are rooted in a view that nous poietikos does not belong to particular human beings, but is identical with Deity or a divine sphere. According to the rational readings it is our cognitive tool and through its activity we can learn about the Deity and emulate it. The mystics are: Eudemus, Avicenna, Averroes, from the newer philosophers E. Zeller and from the contemporary ones – V. Caston. The rationalists are: Theophrastus, Thomas Aquinas, the XIXth century Aristotelian revival and from the contemporary thinkers – A. Kosman.

19

Arystoteles czy św. Tomasz z Akwinu? Głębsze rozumienie intelektu

63%

Zaorski M.

|

nr 3

80-90

EN

The presented concept of intellect shows the size and innovation of St. Thomas Aquinas. As opposed to Aristotle, St. Thomas explains the nature of intellect more precisely. Aristotle used only one concept in describing form and matter. However, this was not enough to show the existence of intellect a

20

Ethno-Philosophical Analysis of Human Existence in Esan Eschatology: Philosophical Perspective of Customs and Culture in African Literature

63%

Obinyan V. E.

|

2017

|

tom 29/2

EN

African literature embodies a profound ethnographic or ethno-philosophical diverse conceptions and analysis of history and existence of man. Although it has in no little way, been considered synonymously with the teleological movement of time hence the questions ‘From where is man?’ ‘what is life?’ ‘why death?’ and ‘to where does man go’ are underlying imperatives of human existence and this to a large extent, constitutes eschatology. But what is eschatology and to what extent does it envelope a broad understanding of human existence? How much does this structures human attitude to life itself? Does this qualify for a people’s philosophy? In this study we shall examine human existence in Esan eschatology especially as it constitute a broad ideological frame work to an understanding to fundamental issues that constitute being and beings and as a peoples philosophy to certain global demands. The researcher adopts a critical, hermeneutic and phenomenological method in crystallizing the wealth or quintessence and relevance of the Esan eschatological analysis of human existence in African literature and philosophy and concludes with the affirmation that African ethnography and philosophy affirms that human existence cuts across three transcendental stages in a teleological movement through fundamental or existential realities which brings his will, choice and responsibility to play.