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Valorization of Banana Bunch Waste as a Feedstock via Hydrothermal Carbonization for Energy Purposes

100%

Sulaiman S. M. , Nugroho G. , Saputra H. M. , Djaenudin , Permana D. , Fitria N. , Putra H. E.

tom Vol. 24, nr 7

61--74

In this article, the potential use of banana bunch waste (BBW) as a source of bioenergy through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was investigated. BBW, a byproduct of banana production, is difficult to use as a fuel due to its low density and carbon ratio. However, its high lignocellulose content indicates its potential as a bioenergy source. To determine the optimal HTC conditions, an experiment was conducted using temperature, water to feedstock ratio, and processing time, with the RSM Box-Behnken method used to produce 15 trial formulations. Energy value and mass yield data were collected to determine the optimal values for both. The main parameter affecting energy yield was found to be the water to feedstock ratio, and the optimal conditions were determined to be a temperature of 180 °C, a water to feedstock ratio of 1.5:1, and a processing time of 15 minutes. The highest energy yield of 99.7% was observed under these conditions, while the lowest mass yield of 25.30% was observed at a temperature of 200°C with a water ratio of 2 and a time of 15 minutes. The heating value of the HTC solid product ranges from 17–27 MJ/kg, which is comparable to low-grade sub-bituminous coal, indicating potential for co-firing with coal and other hydrothermal products as a fuel.

Hydrothermal Carbonization Kinetics of Lignocellulosic Municipal Solid Waste

88%

Putra H. E. , Djaenudin D. , Damanhuri E. , Dewi K. , Pasek A. D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2021

tom Vol. 22, nr 3

188--198

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is known as a thermochemical converting of wet biomass into a coal-like solid fuel (hydrochar). Hydrochar is easily crumbled. Because of hydrophobic properties, hydrochar is difficult to degrade by microorganisms. It has a calorific value comparable to lignite coal. In this study, hydrochar was made via converting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste through HTC at 190, 210, and 230°C for 30 min with feed to water ratio (FWR) 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. The feedstock processed includes food waste, paper, and wood waste, represented as a pseudo-component of the organic fraction of MSW. The high heating value (HHV), FTIR, as well as proximate and ultimate analyses were applied both to feedstock and hydrochar. The results showed that the energy density of hydrochar was elevated with increasing HTC temperature. The energy densification ratio and heating value increased by approximately 1.0–1.32 and 30%, respectively compared to raw feedstock. The lower yields of hydrochar were obtained at higher temperature. The typical char yields for lignocellulosic material range between 62–63 wt% at 190 °C and reduce to 54–57 wt% at 230 °C. Furthermore, a preliminary study of kinetic model for lignocellulose decomposition was conducted. This model was based on the mass loss rate of the lignocellulose compound in HTC of MSW. Three first-order reactions were given to illustrate the hydrochar yield at of 190, 210, and 230°C. The activation energy of lignocellulose decomposition was 76.26 kJ/mol, 51.86 kJ/mol, 12,23 kJ/mol for lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose decomposition, respectively.

Commoditization of wet and high ash biomass : wet torrefaction - a review

51%

Mościcki K. J. , Niedźwiecki Ł. , Owczarek P. , Wnukowski M.

tom Vol. 97, nr 4

354--369

Biomass is a non-intermittent energy source, which can play an important role in grid-based energy systems, since they need some non-intermittent sources in order to balance the variability of intermittent sources as wind and solar energy. Currently, this role is played mostly by fossil fuels, mainly because of the bulk size of a single source. Higher variability and lower energy concentration, among with some properties of biomass, are obstacles that prevent it from fully becoming a commodity. There are processes, such as dry torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) that could potentially help in terms of making biomass a tradable commodity, as is the case with fossil fuels. HTC, also known as wet torrefaction, might help solve problems that dry torrefaction is incapable of solving. These obstacles are, namely: high ash content, slagging and fouling properties of biomass (along with corrosion). Also the high moisture content of some types of biomass poses a problem, since they usually require substantial amounts of heat for drying. This paper reviews current knowledge about a process that could possibly transform problematic types of biomass into tradable commodities and compares it with other processes offering similar outcomes.