The analysis and quality control of potentially curative water in Krzeszowice (Lesser Poland Region, Poland) has been carried out since 2002. The analyses are performed in the certified Hydrogeochemical Laboratory of the AGH University of Science and Technology and the laboratory of Provincial Environmental Protection Inspectorate in Krakow. The main purpose of this paper was to confirm the denomination of the hydrochemical type of water taken from “Zdrój Główny” both for major ions and sulphur(II) compounds concentration which are specific components and assign curative properties to the examined water. On the basis of statistical analysis, it was stated that the concentrations of SO₄, Ca, Mg, HCO₃ and sulphur(II) compounds can be regarded as stable. Different methods of hydrochemical type determination lead to various classifications of groundwater. In the deterministic method and the probabilistic method with use of expanded uncertainty, the hydrochemical type of the examined water is SO₄ -Ca-Mg, S. In the probabilistic method where the standard deviation was taken into account, fewer components were in the hydrochemical type (SO₄-Ca)-sulphur(II) compounds did not exceed the threshold value of 1 mg/L and, in this situation, the water cannot be regarded as potentially curative.
The deep exploitation of mineral deposits is carried out in many areas around the world. However, one of its negative consequences is surface deformations. These may be discontinuous deformations (sinkholes) or continuous deformations (subsidence basins). Under specific hydrogeological conditions, these forms are inundated, and thus anthropogenic reservoirs are formed. In some post-mining areas, the number of such reservoirs is so large that they are referred to as “anthropogenic lake districts”. Depending on the geological structure of the deposit and the mining technique, these reservoirs may have different morphometric parameters. Moreover, they may show various hydrological conditions and physicochemical properties of their waters. The article describes a unique group of anthropogenic water reservoirs created due to the flooding of deep salt mines on the Solotvyno mining field. Although small in terms of the area, it includes a group of anthropogenic water reservoirs highly diverse in terms of their genetics, hydrology and hydrochemistry. Some of them represent a unique type of meromictic reservoirs. This research shows the direction in which water conditions may change in other mining areas with significant surface deformation across the globe.
The presence of natural groundwater outflows depends on many factors, such as lithology, geological structure, and climate. Areas with particularly poor crenological recognition are arid and semi-arid regions, primarily due to rarity of groundwater outflows in these locations. The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of selected groundwater outflows in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition to hydrographic mapping, basic physical parameters of water were measured in selected springs, such as temperature (T, °C), electrolytic conductivity (EC, μS∙cm-1), and reaction (pH, –). Laboratory analyses determined the major cations and anions in water: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, Br-, PO43-. The analyses were performed using an ion chromatograph Metrohm 850 Professional IC. Twenty-four natural groundwater outflows in South America, Africa, and Asia were selected for research. It was found that the vast majority of outflows are transit sources. Their supply area may be far from discharge points. The supply source is rainwater or meltwater from high mountain massifs. Other types of outflow are springs of alluvial fans and braided rivers. They are fed by waters from glacial rivers, which infiltrate alluvial deposits and flow back to the surface. Hydrochemical analysis has shown that the physicochemical properties of water in dry areas vary significantly. Still in the hydrochemical type, there is a predominance of sulphate, chloride, and sodium ions. This distinguishes the spring waters from these areas in temperate latitudes, which are dominated by bicarbonate and calcium ions.
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