Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing on the Quality of Natural Waters

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Cel W. , Kujawska J. , Wasąg H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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tom Vol. 18, nr 2

63--68

EN

Poland, due to the estimated shale gas deposits amounting to 346–768 billion m3 has become one of the most attractive regions for shale gas exploration in Europe. Throughout the period 2010–2015, 72 exploratory drillings were made (as of 4.01.2016), while hydraulic fracturing was carried out 25 times. Employing new drilling and shale gas prospecting technologies raises a question pertaining to their impact on the environment. The number of chemical compounds used (approximately 2000) for the production of new technological fluids may potentially pollute the environment. The fact that the composition of these fluids remains undisclosed hinders the assessment of their impact on the environment and devising optimal methods for managing this type of waste. The presented work indicates the chemical compounds which may infiltrate to groundwater, identified on the basis of technological fluids characteristics, as well as the review of studies pertaining to their impact on potable water carried out in the United States. The study focused on marking heavy metals, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, chlorides and sulphates in the surface waters collected in proximity of Lewino well.

2

Behavior of hydraulic fracture propagation in naturally fractured reservoir

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Thiam M. , Knez D.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2013

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tom Vol. 30, no. 1

231--240

EN

The natural discontinuity or local separation in the plane, which separates the rock in two or many parts, can provide the permeability for fluid movement as water, oil and gas. In low porosity reservoirs, the natural fracture can store a large quantity of hydrocarbons that can be recovered at very high rates. It play a very important role in the minerals exploitation, especially in the sectors of mining and energy which gave an important boost to humanity through the industrial revolution and its associated benefits. So, it is essential to understand the behavior of natural fractures under the influence of other factors such as hydraulic fractures in reservoirs. This paper takes into consideration three models, analyze their results context and ultimately use of new computer program, developed in The Drilling and Geoengineering Department, to make all the necessary operations for each model and give us the results based on provided data.

3

Aktualne możliwości komputerowej symulacji szczelinowania hydraulicznego w złożach

80%

Wojnarowski P. , Stopa J.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2012

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tom Vol. 29, no. 1

337-345

PL

Celem pracy jest analiza aktualnych tendencji światowych w modelowaniu komputerowym zabiegów szczelinowania hydraulicznego a także ocena możliwości technicznych i przydatności wybranych symulatorów szczelinowania do projektowania zabiegów w różnych warunkach geologicznych, w tym dla złóż niekonwencjonalnych. W ramach pracy dokonano oceny przydatności oprogramowania GOHFER oraz Meyer Fracturing (MFrac i MShale) do prac projektowych zabiegu szczelinowania hydraulicznego, optymalizacji parametrów technologicznych oraz prognozowania produkcji. W tym celu wykonano testowe obliczenia symulacyjne z wykorzystaniem tych narzędzi.

EN

The aim of work is analysis of world tendency in hydraulic fracturing modeling in different geological conditions including unconventional resources. The GOHFER and Meyer Fracturing software were analyzed. Hydraulic fracturing simulations for shale gas reservoir were performed for analysis of software capabilities.

4

Analysis impact fracturing fluid acidity on structural strength of crosslinked gel complex

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Krzeczek P. , Karasek P. , Wojnarowski P.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2017

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tom Vol. 34, no. 2

385--395

EN

Nowadays hydraulic fracturing is the most commonly used technique to stimulate the productivity of a well. The selection of a proper fracturing fluid is all about choices which strongly influence on effectiveness of the treatment. It should be carefully prepared, supported by lab analysis in order to match fluid to reservoir condition. This article concerns impact of fracturing fluid additives on fluid properties. In the paper crosslinking process has been shown and its importance on conventional reservoir rocks fracturing treatment. Provided lab examination shows fluid pH impact during creation crosslinked gel complex including influence to crosslinking time in the surface condition. The lower linear gel pH caused lower crosslinking time of fracturing fluid.

5

Hydraulic fracturing optimization framework based on PKN and Cinco-Ley methods

80%

Budzowski R. , Janiga D. , Czarnota R. , Wojnarowski P.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2017

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tom Vol. 34, no. 1

157--167

EN

In an era of decreasing number of discoveries of conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, in the global oil and gas industry we can observe growing interest in unconventional resources. Conducting effective production from this type of reservoirs is associated with carrying out the intensification processes of production, among which hydraulic fracturing is the most popular. Fracturing project design consist of several technological parameters, i.e. the type of fracturing fluid and quantity of proppant, which have a direct impact on the process effectiveness. The actual shape of the fracture is difficult to predict due to the local heterogeneity of the reservoir and the superposition of the phenomena occurring during stimulation treatment. In this paper optimization model was proposed, which allows for selection appropriate parameters of fracturing technology. Developed optimization algorithm is based on two-dimensional PKN fracture model and Cinco-Ley analytical method. Optimization method used in this paper based on nature - inspired algorithms which were compared with gradient method.

6

An analysis of the influence of fracturing technological parameters on fracture propagation using numerical modeling

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Dudek J. , Janiga D. , Wojnarowski P.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2017

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tom Vol. 34, no. 3

677--690

EN

Nowadays, hydraulic fracturing is one of the most common treatments for both conventional and unconventional fields, a stimulation technique designed to increase well production through the reduction of flow resistance caused by the drilling process or genuine reservoir properties. In this article the planar, three-dimensional numerical model of hydraulic fracturing treatment is presented. Based on the given model, the influence analysis of the basic technological parameters of the fracturing in a directional well on fracture propagation was conducted. The presented analysis shows the crucial role of numerical modeling in the process of hydraulic fracturing treatment design. The outcomes allowed us to identify the sensitivity of the obtained fracturing effects on the change of the treatment of technical parameters.

7

Looking for a new source of natural proppants in Poland

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Knez D. , Calicki A.

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8

Oil production technology for unconventional reservoirs

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Stopa J. , Czarnota R. , Wojnarowski P. , Janiga D.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2015

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tom Vol. 32, no. 3

581--587

EN

Interest in the subject related to the oil production from unco nventional hydrocarbons has increased in recent years. Operation of such reservoirs requires the use of the state-of-the-art technology. Definitely, drilling horizontal and multilateral wells in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing and acidizing meet that requirement. This paper discusses the most important from the author’s view issues, including art ificial lift systems, connected with oil production from unconventional reservoirs around the world and its applica bility for Polish hydrocarbons reservoir.

9

Integrated model of hydraulic fracturing and hydro-carbon production

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Stopa J. , Wojnarowski P. , Janiga D.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2014

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tom Vol. 31, no. 1

49--57

EN

The dynamics of discovering conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs has significantly dropped down in the World over the last ten years. Resources deposited in reservoirs having poor properties, where the production with economically justified yield is possible after prior enhancement (hydraulic fracturing in particular), become more important. Accordingly, proper designing of development works and hydraulic fracturing are decisive. Author's methodic and software for integrated modeling of hydraulic fracturing and production with the use of a3D fracture model are presented in this paper. This can be used for evaluating the efficiency of the fracturing treatment and its optimization. The results of hydraulic fracturing modeling were implemented in the reservoir simulator with the software written in C++. The designed fracture can be introduced into a numerical grid of a reservoir simulator. This tool can be a choice for a quick variant simulation for the best scenario of reservoir development selection. The practical implementation of this program was presented on the example of a ,tight gas' reservoir.

10

Hydraulic fracturing and U.S. water policy

80%

Burnett J. W.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2013

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tom Vol. 30, no. 1

311--313

EN

The recent boom in the development of natural gas from shale is a game changer for U.S. domestic energy. Large domestic reserves of shale gas reduce dependency on foreign producers, as is currently the case for crude oil. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the U.S. contains approximately 500 trillion cubic feet of unproved technically recoverable resources from shale gas. At current rates, that is enough gas from shale alone to supply the entire country for approximately twenty-one years. The large increase in shale gas development has been made possible through the development of two principle technologies: horizontal drilling and high-volume, hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) fluid. Horizontal drilling or directional drilling allows producers to access far more natural gas from relatively thin shale deposits within the earth. HVHF involves injecting a large volume mixture of water, sand, and other chemicals deep into the earth. The high pressure from the fluid causes shale rock formations to fracture so that natural gas can be released and extracted. HVHF fluid is mostly composed of water (generally ninety-eight to ninety-nine percent) and can contain some potentially hazardous (and possibly carcinogenic) chemicals including benzene and lead. The contention over hydraulic fracturing surrounds public fears over contamination of drinking water sources. This sentiment was captured in the anti-fracking film by Josh Fox called Gasland - the film received a 2010 special jury prize for a documentary at the Sundance Film Festival and was nominated by the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2011. According to a recent report from the Natural Resource Defence Council (2012), HVHF fluid can contaminate drinking water on the surface or below the ground surface. Potential surface contamination can occur because of: (1) spills or leaks from storage tanks, valves, or transportation pipes, or (2) mismanagement of fracturing waste or "flowback" fluid which is often stored in surface pits. Contamination to below ground surface can occur due to (1) migration of fluid to neighboring oil or gas wells, (2) improper construction, cementing, and casing of the well, and (3) migration of fluid to other natural fracture networks. In addition to potential contamination, HVHF fluid also requires large volumes of water taken from fresh water sources, and if the water is contaminated it cannot be returned to water bodies without extensive treatment. When a well is injected with HVHF fluid some of it returns to the surface as flowback, but not all fracturing fluid injected into a geologic formation are recovered. If the flowback fluid is contaminated then it may need to be returned underground using a permitted underground injection well. The natural gas industry often claims that there is no evidence of contamination to freshwater aquifers. For example, Rex Tillerson, chief executive of ExxonMobil, offered the following statement at a recent Congressional hearing on drilling: "There have been over a million wells hydraulically fractured in the history of the industry, and there is not one, not one, reported case of a freshwater aquifer having ever been contaminated from hydraulic fracturing. Not one." Urbina (2011) contends that the lack of documented cases exist because the industry often settles suspected cases through lawsuits with private landowners, in which case the details of such cases are sealed from public disclosure. In fact, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1987 Congressional report documented a case of contaminated well water from HVHF fluid in West Virginia. Additionally, a Duke University study found that drinking water methane concentrations were seventeen times higher in active drilling locations. What is unclear in the U.S. at this point is the nation's system of federalism in regulating HVHF. For example, it is not clear what role, if any, the EPA will play in regulating this practice. Much to the ire of environmentalists, the practice of hydraulic fracturing is largely exempt from the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) as superseded by the Environmental Policy Act of 2005. Legislation, dubbed the FRAC (fracturing responsibility and awareness of chemicals) act, was introduced to both houses of Congress to enable the EPA to obtain jurisdiction over hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA; however, to date no major legislation has passed in either house. The EPA's ability to regulate HVHF under the Clean Water Act is limited to the disposal of flowback into surface waters in the U.S. Therefore, the regulation of HVHF has largely been relegated to state and local governments. The EPA historically has granted "primacy" for some states to oversee and regulate the disposal of hazardous waste, such as flowback, into injection wells within their own borders. The problem of course is that some states have not been granted primacy. For example, in the Marcellus shale region Pennsylvania does not have primacy, so the federal government has to sign off on all new injection wells in the state which causes delays and red tape. Further, Pennsylvania does not have many suitable geological formations for injection wells. Therefore, a large portion fracturing waste fluid from Pennsylvania is transported to New York, Ohio, and West Virginia for disposal. A potential problem for the future is that the drilling and fracturing industries are exempt from federal hazardous waste disposal laws, so fracturing waste is being injected into wells with less stringent oversight. Many critics argue that environmental regulations imposed by the federal government would be much stricter than state-level enforcement. Critics have argued that the SDWA provides the EPA with leverage against states' inaction in protecting water sources. In the absence of federal legislation, some fear a "race to the bottom" in which individual states may purposively impose lax environmental regulations to attract natural gas development. The justification for environmental regulations under federal control "reflect commonly understood collective action problems, including negative environmental externalities, resource pooling, the 'race to the bottom,' uniform standards, and the 'NIMBY' (not in my back year) phenomenon." What is clearly needed in this case is a model of "cooperative federalism" in which the federal government offers some guidance in the potential environmental impacts from shale gas development, but leaves regulation to local governments to provide a more comprehensive, protective, and accountable regulation of the industry. The U.S. will likely be the bellwether for other countries as Germany, Hungary, Romania, Poland, China, and Australia are participating in discussions regarding the application of hydraulic fracturing to extract their shale gas reserves. How will the policy debate in the U.S. unfold? It is difficult to tell. Perhaps Benkin (1992) states it best: "... the choice ofregulatory forum often seems to determine the outcome of the controversy. That may explain why Americans have traditionally shed so much metaphorical and genuine blood deciding what are essentially jurisdictional disputes between governmental institutions.

11

Non-aqueous fracturing technologies for shale gas recovery

80%

Rogala A. , Krzysiek J. , Bernaciak M. , Hupka J.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2013

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tom Vol. 49, iss. 1

313--322

EN

Fracturing technologies for shale gas production were developed mainly in the USA and are currently being adapted to geological conditions and environmental requirements in other countries. This paper presents literature on theoretical and practical aspects of gas production from shale with the empha-sis placed on alternatives to hydraulic fracturing. Technical and environmental aspects of non-aqueous fracturing technologies are also considered.

12

Computer simulation of the influence of proppant high diameter grains damage on hydraulic fracturing efficiency

80%

Knez D. , Ziaja J. , Piwońska M.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2017

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tom Vol. 34, no. 2

411--418

EN

Throughout the past two decades, there has been a great intensification of research on processes related to hydraulic fracturing. One of the most significant issues is the behavior of proppants under reservoir conditions. It clearly influences the oil production from the stimulated borehole. Quick loss of a fracture conductivity after hydraulic fracturing may be caused by migration of particles into the porous area of the fracture. Another effect is creation of small solid particles as a result of proppant crushing. Mineral sedimentation may occur on grains propping the fracture because of chemical reactions at the area of contact between the proppant and the mixture of reservoir water and the fracturing fluid. The effect of these reactions is changes in the porosity of the proppant package and conductivity of the fracture. The article presents results of a computer simulation of parameter changes of the proppant in reservoir conditions and their influence on oil production. One of paramount factors is proppant grains damage. As a result of a computer simulation, using Fracpro software, the level of decreased conductivity of the fracture was determined. It was also defined that the influence of this phenomenon on lower production in comparison to the situation where proppant damage is not accounted for.

13

Pomiary mikrosejsmiczne w otworze horyzontalnym Syczyn-OU2K (Komunikat)

80%

Krzysik K. , Prugar W.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

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2013

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tom nr 12

31--34

PL

Komunikat przedstawia sposób wykonania badań geofizycznych, mających na celu potwierdzenie efektywności dwunastoetapowego szczelinowania hydraulicznego w otworze horyzontalnym Syczyn-OU2K. Badania objęły pomiary z wykorzystaniem czujników umieszczonych w otworze, powierzchniowych linii geofonowych oraz czujników i sensorów zacementowanych w płytkich otworach. Analiza przeprowadzonych badań wykazała zbieżność wyników otrzymanych z użyciem wszystkich metod, z zastrzeżeniem, że czułość pomiarów powierzchniowych – ze względu na wysoki poziom hałasu, głównie z powierzchni terenu – jest mniejsza niż pomiarów w głębokim otworze.

EN

This memorandum presents the method of performing geophysical research pursued to confirm the effectiveness of 12-stage hydraulic fracturing in the Syczyn-OU2K horizontal borehole. The research included measurements with detectors located in the borehole, surface geophone lines as well as sensors and detectors cemented in shallow boreholes. The analysis of performed research showed the similarities in results obtained by all methods, with the reservation that the sensitivity of surface measurements is lower than those from a deep borehole due to the high noise pollution, mostly from the surface.

14

Zastosowanie materiałów włóknistych w zabiegach hydraulicznego szczelinowania

80%

Biały E.

Nafta-Gaz

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2006

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tom R. 62, nr 5

222-228

PL

W artykule przedstawiono sposób wykorzystania materiałów włóknistych w zabiegach hydraulicznego szczelinowania. Dokonano selekcji włókien dostępnych w Polsce pod kątem ich użyteczności w celu ograniczenia wynoszenia materiału podsadzkowego z odwiertu. Zaprezentowano wyniki laboratoryjnych badań hydroprzewodności warstwy podsadzki z domieszką włókien.

EN

This paper presents fibers application in hydraulic fracturing treatment. The selection of fibers available in Poland to stabilize hydraulic fracture to proppant backproduction were done. This report presents laboratory measurements of the conductivity data for proppant pack with fibers reinforcement.

15

Poszukiwania niekonwencjonalnych złóż gazu ziemnego w rejonie Wysina

80%

Król K. , Dynowski A. , Osiniak P. , Stopyra E.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

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2017

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tom nr 6

17--21

PL

Artykuł zawiera podstawowe informacje dotyczące robót geologicznych prowadzonych na terenie Polski w poszukiwaniu niekonwencjonalnych złóż gazu ziemnego z formacji łupkowych (shale gas) oraz podsumowanie prac prowadzonych przez PGNiG S.A. w rejonie koncesji „Stara Kiszewa” w okresie do końca 2016 r.

EN

Intensive work aimed at defining the production potential of gas from unconventional shale gas resources started in 2010. One hundred and twenty-two concessions in total were granted to fuel concerns from Poland and from abroad. In the years 2011–2016 seventy-two wells were drilled in total , out of which 28 underwent hydraulic fracturing treatment and testing. The increased interest in shale gas noted in the years 2010– 2013 dropped and companies started withdrawing successively from the exploration. Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo S.A. (Polish Oil and Gas Company), within the posessed licences carried out work in order to gain information about the possibility to obtain natural gas from shale formations. After analysing data from the regions of Pomerania, the region of Wysin was recognised as one of the most interesting regions which fell within the scope of the “Stara Kiszewa” licence area. Drilling work started with designing and making Wysin 1 exploratory well in 2013. Based on the result of this well, two horizontal wells: Wysin-2H and Wysin-3H were designed and made together with fracturing operations and production testing. After analysing the results of the conducted tests, it was ascertained that the early Palezoic formations in the Baltic Basin are perspective as far as shale gas resources are concerned, however, currently (at considerable access costs and a low price of the raw material) it is not economically justified.

16

Differences between downhole and surface micro-seismic monitoring

80%

Święch E. , Wandycz P.

Mining Science

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2015

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tom Vol. 22

65--73

EN

The article presents usage of microseismic monitoring for location of microseismic events in polish geological conditions. For location of one synthetic microseismic event, two methods of acquisition were applied: surface and downhole monitoring array. Downhole microseismic monitoring is a technique of recording induced seismicity using receivers placed in the monitoring well near to the treatment well. In case of surface monitoring receivers are placed at the surface. For determination of hypocenter location probability density function was used. Based on provided analysis it is concluded that for polish conditions it is better to use downhole microseismic monitoring. Event located with usage of this technique was located correctly and uncertainty of this location was lower.

17

An analysis of fluids after hydraulic fracturing in the aspect of their further use or neutralization

80%

Jamrozik A. , Gonet A. , Czekaj L.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2013

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tom Vol. 30, no. 3

369--384

EN

Today’s ecological policy focuses on preventing anthropogenic environmental hazards. A large share of activities are oriented to the precise recognition of hazards and use of solutions thanks to which the negative environmental effects of mining activity can be considerably reduced. Issues related to the recovery of water after hydraulic fracturing with emphasis on the possible utilization and management of fluids after hydraulic fracturing in Polish conditions are discussed in view of the respective law.

18

Hydraulic fracturing technology in rock burst hazard controlling

80%

Karkocha W.

Mining Science

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2015

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tom Vol. 22, Special Issue 2

15--21

EN

All methods of rock burst hazard evaluation and control are classified as rock burst prevention. The prevention methods can be divided in two general categories – the passive (non-active) and active ones. Active methods of rock burst prevention focus generally on reducing of stress level in the area of its concentration through controlled tremors and rock bursts by blasting works. Among the active methods the hydraulic fracturing can be noted. Traditional hydraulic fracturing techniques generally form main hydraulic cracks. However, when we combine hydraulic fracturing with blasting we might obtain much better results. For example, the hydraulic crack range becomes wider than by using only conventional methods. In coal seams it is possible to increase permeability which makes gas drainage to be more effective. It is because water shockwaves and bubble pulsations induced by the explosion, cause a high strain rate in the rock mass surrounding the bore hole. When hydraulic fracturing is used, a micro seismic event takes place. This is why micro seismic technologies are used to monitor the range of hydraulic fracturing process. This article is only mentioning the issue which in the Author opinion, deserves more attention.

19

Elements of reservoir simulation for tight gas reservoirs with water influx

80%

Sowa-Zyzańska M.

Journal of Geotechnology and Energy

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2021

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tom Vol. 38, no. 2

15--24

EN

At present, gas obtained from unconventional deposits plays an important role in the global economy as an energy factor. The simulation of the exploitation of this type of deposits is very complex and requires an individual approach for each case, which is extremely inspiring and interesting, therefore this article attempts to deal with the problem of modeling the extraction of natural gas from tight unconventional deposits. Extraction of tight gas requires the use of measures that stimulate this process and requires an unusual approach both at the stage of deposit recognition, its drilling and exploitation. Using computer programs, more and more accurate models are developed taking into account almost all known processes occurring in the deposits during exploitation, which significantly influences the better selection of parameters of wells and operations that intensify the production, and thus improves the results of exploitation.

20

Modelowanie efektów temperaturowych w procesach hydraulicznego szczelinowania

80%

Szott W. , Kwilosz T.

Nafta-Gaz

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2004

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tom R. 60, nr 9

479-485

PL

Temperatura płynu szczelinującego jest jednym z podstawowych czynników determinujących jego dobór oraz podstawowe charakterystyki. Wniosek ten jest szczególnie istotny dla powszechnie stosowanych nienewtonowskich żeli o lepkości i innych właściwościach transportowych silnie zależnych od temperatury oraz odwiertów udostępniających formacje o temperaturze znacznie różniącej się od temperatury zatłaczanego płynu. W dotychczasowej praktyce projektowania zabiegów szczelinowania, prowadzonych w szczególności przez grupę specjalistów w INiG, nie były uwzględniane efekty zmiennej temperatury podczas zabiegu, ze względu na brak efektywnych modeli pozwalających na ocenę ilościowego charakteru tego zjawiska. W pracy przeprowadzono szczegółową analizę zjawisk transportu ciepła w trakcie zabiegu hydraulicznego szczelinowania w warunkach złożowych. Sformułowano również i przetestowano modele pozwalające na ilościowy opis występujących efektów. Efektem pracy jest propozycja praktycznej metody prognozowania dynamicznych zmian temperatury podczas zabiegu stymulacji odwiertu.

EN

The temperature of injection fluids used for fracturing strongly determines its effectiveness and basic characteristics. In particular, it is especially significant for: the application of non-Newtonian gels whose viscosity and other transport properties are temperature dependent and deep wells completed in rocks of elevated temperatures high above that of injected fluids. Designs of fracturing treatment performed by experts Polish Oil & Gas Institute have not take into account effects of such fluids varying temperature so far due to the lack of proper simulations tools. This paper tries to fill the gap by providing a simplified but effective software to model those thermal effects. To this aim relevant physical phenomena are analyzed, corresponding mathematical models are formed, their original solution are found and implemented in computer programs.