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Machine Learning in Cyber-Physical Systems and manufacturing singularity – it does not mean total automation, human is still in the centre: Part I – Manufacturing singularity and an intelligent machine architecture

100%

Putnik G. D. , Shah V. , Putnik Z. , Ferreira L.

tom Vol. 20, No. 4

161--184

In many popular, as well scientific, discourses it is suggested that the “massive” use of Artificial Intelligence, including Machine Learning, and reaching the point of “singularity” through so-called Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), and Artificial Super-Intelligence (ASI), will completely exclude humans from decision making, resulting in total dominance of machines over human race. Speaking in terms of manufacturing systems, it would mean that there will be achieved intelligent and total automation (once the humans will be excluded). The hypothesis presented in this paper is that there is a limit of AI/ML autonomy capacity, and more concretely, that the ML algorithms will be not able to became totally autonomous and, consequently, that the human role will be indispensable. In the context of the question, the authors of this paper introduce the notion of the manufacturing singularity and an intelligent machine architecture towards the manufacturing singularity, arguing that the intelligent machine will be always human dependent, and that, concerning the manufacturing, the human will remain in the centre of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and in I4.0. The methodology to support this argument is inductive, similarly to the methodology applied in a number of texts found in literature, and based on computational requirements of inductive inference based machine learning. The argumentation is supported by several experiments that demonstrate the role of human within the process of machine learning. Based on the exposed considerations, a generic architecture of intelligent CPS, with embedded ML functional modules in multiple learning loops, in order to evaluate way of use of ML functionality in the context of CPPS/CPS. Similarly to other papers found in literature, due to the (informal) inductive methodology applied, considering that this methodology doesn’t provide an absolute proof in favour of, or against, the hypothesis defined, the paper represents a kind of position paper. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part a review of argumentation from literature, both in favor of and against the thesis on the human role in future, is presented. In this part a concept of the manufacturing singularity is introduced, as well as an intelligent machine architecture towards the manufacturing singularity is presented, arguing that the intelligent machine will always be human dependent, and that, concerning the manufacturing, the human will remain in the centre. The argumentation is based on the phenomenon related to computational machine learning paradigm, as intrinsic feature of the AI/ML, through the inductive inference based machine learning algorithms, whose effectiveness is conditioned by the human participation. In the second part, an architecture of the Cyber-Physical (Production) Systems with multiple learning loops is presented, together with a set of experiments demonstrating the indispensable human role. Also, a discussion of the problem from the manufacturing community point of view on future of human role in Industry 4.0 as the environment for advanced AI/ML applications is included in this part.

Człowiek jako najsłabsze ogniwo bezpieczeństwa informacyjnego

84%

Skulska J. , Pławińska W.

tom T. 16, nr 1

97--119

Celem artykułu jest określenie roli i znaczenia człowieka oraz jego słabości w systemie bezpieczeństwa informacyjnego organizacji. Wszyscy ludzie popełniają błędy, które niekiedy mogą wiązać się z poważnymi konsekwencjami. Jak wynika z 2014 Cyber Security Intelligence Index, aż 95% wszystkich incydentów związanych z bezpieczeństwem dotyczy błędów popełnionych przez człowieka. Dla organizacji takie sytuacje są zazwyczaj bardzo kosztowne, ze względu na to, że dotyczą osób, które posiadają dostęp do najbardziej wrażliwych danych. Jak wynika z przytoczonego w artykule badania, świadomość respondentów dotycząca zagrożeń występujących w systemach informacyjnych jest niska. Zmiany zachodzące w dostępie do informacji wiążą się z koniecznością ciągłego doskonalenia jej ochrony. Nie tylko systemowej, lecz także wynikającej z kompetencji człowieka. Dlatego warto na nim skupić uwagę i zastanowić się nad możliwymi metodami poszerzania jego kompetencji oraz ciągłej nauki.

The purpose of this article is to define the role and importance of human beings and their weaknesses in the information security system of an organization. All people make mistakes that can sometimes have serious consequences. According to the 2014 Cyber Security Intelligence Index, as much as 95% of all security incidents are related to human errors. For organizations, such situations are usually very costly, as they concern people who have access to the most sensitive data. As the study cited in the article shows, the awareness of threats in information systems among the respondents is low. The ongoing changes in the availability of information are associated with the need to constantly improvement its protection. Not only systemic, but also protection resulting from human competences. That is why it is worth focusing on him and considering possible methods of expanding his competences and continuous learning.