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Evaluation of Dominant Microbial Air Pollutants in Hospital Environments and Nearby Areas in Albania

100%

Troja E. , Ceci R. , Markaj A. , Dhamo E. , Troja R.

tom Vol. 22, nr 5

32--38

Nowadays, one of the most important and essential aspects of having a healthy and safe life is the air safety and its quality in indoor and outdoor environments. In the air, there are not only chemical pollutants but also biological ones, with specific impacts. Hospital environments are among the most likely to be affected by the microbiological contamination of the air; therefore its quality is particularly important. Pathogenic microorganisms, which may be present in the air, can cause nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients, with compromised immune system or other medical conditions. This paper reflects the evaluation of microbiological air contamination, in different hospital environments and nearby areas, in the city of Tirana. The microbial air quality has been monitored during the period of 2009–2018, performing evaluations every three years, in the same area and the same time of the year. In order to build a database for understanding the impact of developmental changes on the air microbiological loads, results of similar studies conducted earlier, during 2007 and 2008 were also taken into consideration. The above-mentioned period was selected because of the changes in the infrastructure and indoor environments of the monitored area, where many patients have been treated for years. Changes have been made over the years to hospital structures and surroundings, including recreational facilities, clinical service units, as well as main and connecting roads, etc. The obtained results, which were compared over the years, provided a clear view of the changing microbiological air loads, influenced by the improvements of indoor and outdoor areas. The morphological studies of the observed, isolated, purified and identified microorganisms revealed the presence of specific mold loads, with the dominance of the species of Aspergillus genus and those of the group Fungi imperfecti. Over the years, a decrease in the total number was observed (from 103 to 101), together with a smaller number of bacteria (1012), in the monitored environments.

Occurrence of fungi and cytotoxicity of the species: Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus isolated from the air of hospital wards

86%

Gniadek A. , Krzyściak P. , Twarużek M. , Macura A. B.

tom 30

nr 2

231-239

Objectives The basic care requirement for patients with weakened immune systems is to create the environment where the risk of mycosis is reduced to a minimum. Material and Methods Between 2007 and 2013 air samples were collected from various wards of a number of hospitals in Kraków, Poland, by means of the collision method using MAS-100 Iso MH Microbial Air Sampler (Merck Millipore, Germany). The air mycobiota contained several species of fungi, and almost 1/3 of it was made up of the species of the Aspergillus genus. Sixty-one strains of species other than A. fumigatus were selected for the research purposes, namely: 28 strains of A. ochraceus, 22 strains of A. niger and 11 strains of A. flavus species. Selected fungi underwent a cytotoxicity evaluation with the application of the MTT colorimetric assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The assay assesses cell viability by means of reducing the yellow tetrazolium salt to insoluble formazan. A semi-quantitative scale for cytotoxicity grading was adopted: low cytotoxic effect (+) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) for values ranging from 31.251 cm²/ml to 7.813 cm²/ml, medium cytotoxic effect (++) for values ranging from 3.906 cm²/ml to 0.977 cm²/ml and the high one (+++) for values ranging from 0.488 cm²/ml to 0.061 cm²/ml. The absence of cytotoxicity was determined when the IC₅₀ values was at ≥ 50. Results For 48 samples the analyzed fungi displayed the cytotoxic effect with A. ochraceus in 26 out of 28 cases, with 11 strains displaying the high cytotoxic effect. The lowest cytotoxicity was displayed by fungi of A. niger in 13 out of 22 cases, and the major fungi of A. flavus species were toxic (9 out of 11 cases). Conclusions A half of the fungi displayed the low cytotoxic effect. On the basis of the comparison of average cytotoxicity levels it was determined that there were significant differences in the levels of cytotoxicity of the analyzed fungi. However, such statement may not provide grounds for a definite conclusion about the compared species of fungi that display a more cytotoxic effect than others. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(2):231–239

Research on social space in rehabilitation hospital for children in Radziszow, Poland

72%

Jamrozik-Szatanek M.

2013

tom Vol. 6, no. 2

5--11

The paper subject is known and respected in the world but precursory in Poland. Children go to the hospital not by choice but by chance. The fact that they are in a situation incomprehensible for them enhances an unfavorable hospital environment. What can be done for small users to help find themselves in the given space and how to interfere with that space to help healing process? Hospital case study in Radziszow allowed to specify a number of interesting conclusions and answers.

Tematyka artykułu jest znana i podejmowana na świecie natomiast w Polsce jest prekursorska. Dzieci trafiają do szpitala nie z wyboru ale z przypadku. Fakt, że są one w sytuacji dla nich niezrozumiałej, zwiększa niekorzystny wpływ środowiska szpitalnego na nie. Co można zrobić dla małych użytkowników aby pomóc im odnaleźć się danej przestrzeni i jak wpłynąć na ową przestrzeń aby wspomagała proces gojenia? Studium przypadku szpitala w Radziszowie wykazało szereg interesujących wniosków i odpowiedzi.