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2 Internal Security

2 2011

2 Majer P.

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Internal Security in the Historical Perspective – an Outline. Part 1.

100%

Majer P.

tom 3(1)

129-144

Internal security is an evolving concept constantly broadening its scope. It is generally understood that internal security comprises three facets – stability of the state and its institutions, soundness of the material foundations of the society and dependability of the legal system established and supported by the state. In the age of slavery, the slaves – constituting a majority of the society – were deprived of the sense of personal security, in contrast to the citizens whose rights and liberties were protected by the state. Security of existence depended very much on the social status. State institutions in turn were deemed sacred, their significance firmly anchored in tradition, and as such untouchable by mortals. In the feudal state slavery dwindled and the general sense of personal security improved, it remained however strongly dependent on one’s position in the social strata. Stability of the state institutions increased due to their new structure, building up on the previous strenghts. The Church contributed vastly to the security of existence by charity and care. Those functions were gradually taken up by the state, beginning in England in the 16th century.

Internal Security in the Historical Perspective – an Outline. Part 2.

100%

Majer P.

tom 3(2)

267-290

The author presents the second part of the article on development of internal security over the centuries. The eras discussed in the first part of the paper, which was published in the Internal Security issue of June 2011, were linked to the two most prevalent types of state at that time: antiquity — a slave state, and the Middle Ages – a feudal state. The state in the modern era evolved by transforming from a feudal state into the capitalist state, and in the twentieth century, some took the form of a socialist state. The changes that occurred influenced the components of internal security, and are described in minute detail. The article comprises deliberations on personal security, the security of state authorities and existence. As was pointed out, personal security was in general subject to improvement, which undoubtedly was the result of the spread of positive laws, the introduction of the principle of equality before the law, and development of institutions upholding public order and security. The factors being discussed herein were strengthened in the twentieth century by the development of civil and human rights. Security of existence increased as a result of affluence of society and improvement in social legislation, introducing a variety of guarantees associated with difficult situations. The security of state organs was provided largely by political, institutional and legal measures. However, these positive trends collapsed in countries, especially in totalitarian ones, that did not respect democratic rules. The article ends with an emphasis put on basic conclusions.