Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Implications of macro-areal linguistics

100%

Leschber C.

Slavia Meridionalis

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2015

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tom 15

EN

Implications of macro-areal linguisticsUsing the examples of some Balkan words with a difficult etymology, we attempt to show the possibilities for and implications of applying a macro-areal linguistic perspective to establish a wider view of the linguistic and cultural history of a region. Implikacje językoznawstwa makroarealnegoNa przykładzie niektórych bałkańskich słów o skomplikowanej etymologii autorka dokonuje próby pokazania możliwości i potencjału badawczego perspektywy makroarealnej. W każdym wypadku daje ona głębszy wgląd w historię, rozwój językowy i kulturowy tego regionu.

2

Reading the reading of the gerund: the share of non-eventive interpretations of -ing nominals

100%

Ptok A. , Szcześniak K. , Ptok A. , Szcześniak K.

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tom 40

3

Poznańska szkoła językoznawstwa historycznego

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Migdał J. , Piotrowska-Wojaczyk A.

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nr 1

153-168

PL

The article presents Poznań school of historical linguistics. The founder of the school is Władysław Kuraszkiewicz. The schools’ central idea is a scholarly attitude which is based on respect for material, philological akribeia (accuracy) and caution in drawing conclusions. The representatives of this school are characterised by aspiration for measurability of research results and understanding of the role of statistics. Research is conducted on the carefully selected, very extensive material taking into account numerous variable features: chronological, geographic, generic, stylistic or formal. Among the scholars who must be included in this school are the disciples of Professor Kuraszkiewicz: Zdzisława Krążyńska, Tadeusz Lewaszkiewicz, Leszek Moszyński, Wojciech Ryszard Rzepka, Tadeusz Skulina, Bogdan Walczak and Tadeusz Zdancewicz. Nowadays, their disciples form another generation of scholars connected with Poznań school of historical linguistics.

4

LatMor: A Latin Finite-State Morphology Encoding Vowel Quantity

100%

Springmann U. , Schmid H. , Najock D.

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nr 1

EN

We present the first large-coverage finite-state open-source morphology for Latin (called LatMor) which parses as well as generates vowel quantity information. LatMor is based on the Berlin Latin Lexicon comprising about 70,000 lemmata of classical Latin compiled by the group of Dietmar Najock in theirwork on concordances of Latin authors (see Rapsch and Najock, 1991) which was recently updated by us. Compared to the well-known Morpheus system of Crane (1991, 1998), which is written in the C programming language, based on 50,000 lemmata of Lewis and Short (1907), not well documented and therefore not easily extended, our new morphology has a larger vocabulary, is about 60 to 1200 times faster and is built in the form of finite-state transducers which can analyze as well as generate wordforms and represent the state-of-the-art implementation method in computational morphology. The current coverage of LatMor is evaluated against Morpheus and other existing systems (some of which are not openly accessible), and is shown to rank first among all systems together with the Pisa LEMLAT morphology (not yet openly accessible). Recall has been analyzed taking the Latin Dependency Treebank¹ as gold data and the remaining defect classes have been identified. LatMor is available under an open source licence to allow its wide usage by all interested parties.

5

Początki polskiego chrześcijaństwa na podstawie Kroniki to jest historyi wszytkiego świata… Marcina Bielskiego

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Kozaryn D.

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nr 33

EN

This paper comments on the manner of describing the baptism of Poland in the third edition of Kronika, to jest historyja wszytkiego świata written by Marcin Bielski (1564). Presenting the textual contents of the specific passage of Kronika… has resulted in an analysis of the religious vocabulary and syntactical discriminants of Marcin Bielski’s text.

PL

Artykuł zawiera prezentację sposobu opisywania chrztu Polski w trzecim wydaniu (1564) Kroniki to jest historyi wszytkiego świata… Marcina Bielskiego. Przedstawienie zawartości treściowej właściwego fragmentu Kroniki stało się podstawą analizy słownictwa religijnego oraz wyróżników składniowych tekstu Bielskiego.

6

Gothic ‹ggw›

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Snædal M.

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tom 128

PL

The paper deals with the orthographic cluster ‹ggw› in Gothic and the question if it denoted both /ngw/ and /ggw/ or only the former. The paper concludes that internal evidence only points to /ngw/ and that external evidence cannot be used to support double pronunciation of the cluster.

7

The Concept of ‘Rhetoric’ in a Linguistic Perspective: Historical, Systematic, and Theoretical Aspects of Rhetoric as Formal Language Usage

88%

Haase F.-A.

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nr 1

27-45

EN

Rhetoric is commonly known as an old discipline for the persuasive usage of language in linguistic communication acts. In this article we examine the concept ‘rhetoric’ from 1. the diachronic perspective of historical linguistics showing that the concept ‘rhetoric’ is linguistically present in various Indo-European roots and exists across several language families and 2. the theoretical perspective towards the concept ‘rhetoric’ with a contemporary defi nition and model in the tradition of rhetorical theory. The historical and systematic approaches allow us to describe the features of the conceptualization of ‘rhetoric’ as the process in theory and empirical language history. The aim of this article is a formal description of the concept ‘rhetoric’ as a result of a theoretical process of this conceptualization, the rhetorization, and the historical documentation of the process of the emergence of the concept ‘rhetoric’ in natural languages. We present as the concept ‘rhetoric’ a specifi c mode of linguistic communication in ‘rhetoricized’ expressions of a natural language. Within linguistic communicative acts ‘rhetoricized language’ is a process of forming structured linguistic expressions. Based on traditional rhetorical theory we will in a case study present ‘formalization,’ ‘structuralization,’ and ‘symbolization’ as the three principle processes, which are parts of this process of rhetorization in rhetorical theory.

8

On the origin and diffusion of European ball games. A linguistic analysis

88%

Gillmeister H.

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nr 1

9

Языковой ландшафт Закарпатской области как части Украины: понятие, проблемы и новые подходы

88%

Шилов В.

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tom 58

PL

Zakarpacie to jeden z najbardziej interesujących regionów Ukrainy. Tylko w XX wieku znajdowało się w granicach sześciu różnych państw, co skutkowało częstymi zmianami priorytetów językowych w regionie. W rezultacie na terenie Zakarpacia można znaleźć napisy w języku ukraińskim, rosyjskim, węgierskim, angielskim, rumuńskim, czeskim oraz wielu innych. Dlatego uzasadnione jest przeprowadzenie analizy krajobrazu językowego tego regionu. Pojęcie „krajobrazu językowego” nie jest już nowe dla Ukrainy, a zwłaszcza dla Zakarpacia, co pozwala nam podkreślić zalety i wady wcześniejszych badań. Tekst został zilustrowany fotografiami wykonanymi przez autora artykułu na terenie obwodu zakarpackiego w Ukrainie.

EN

Transcarpathia (Zakarpattia) is one of the most interesting regions of Ukraine. It was part of at least six different states only in the twentieth century, and thus language priorities were subject to frequent changes. As a result, there are inscriptions in Ukrainian, Russian, Hungarian, English, Romanian, Czech and many other languages there today. This makes the linguistic landscape of Transcarpathia worth analysing. The concept of “linguistic landscape” is no longer new for Ukraine and for Transcarpathia in particular, which allows us to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of previous works on the topic. The article is illustrated with photographs taken by the author in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine.

10

Hypocoristic palatalization in Basque and historical applications

88%

Wolf J.

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2023

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tom 9

224-237

EN

This paper examines the processes of expressive palatalization in the Basque diminutive. Basque has two forms of the diminutive, a list of inflectional suffixes and a method of palatalization with specific phonological requirements. A speaker will first palatalize any coronal sibilants in the word. If there are none, then a dental obstruent that has a palatal counterpart is the next candidate. If there are again, none, then the last candidate is a dental coronal, but only the consonant on the leftmost edge. However, if there is a sibilant and a dental consonant, only the sibilants are palatalized. If there is a dental obstruent and a dental sonorant, only the obstruent is palatalized. To describe this process, I adopt an OT approach and an autosegmental approach to determine where the [+palatal] inflection morpheme can attach. Finally, I show the application of unworking the hypocoristic formation through internal reconstruction of Basque in animal names to produce two reconstructions.

11

The range and beauty of internal reconstruction: probing Hausa linguistic history

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Newman P.

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2014

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nr 48

13-31

EN

Using examples from Hausa, this paper demonstrates the probative value of Internal Reconstruction (IR) as a method for unearthing linguistic history. Five developments in the history of Hausa discovered by means of IR are described. These are Klingenheben’s Law; two previously unrecognized diphthongs, *iu and *ui; the emergence of the phoneme /h/ from a phonetic feature of word onset; vowel lowering resulting in asymmetry in plural formation; and the preservation of an archaic third person singular masculine pronoun *ni in fixed compounds.

12

Buried Treasure in the Tyndale Corpus: Innovations and Archaisms

75%

Bell Canon E.

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nr 25/2

151-165

EN

The translations and polemical texts that make up the Tyndale Corpus are filled with linguistic buried treasure: lexical innovations, syntactic archaisms, metalinguistic com- mentary, and features related to language and dialect prejudice. The use of computer corpus analysis can reveal and illuminate what makes Tyndale different from other writers of his time, and why he is so important to the history of English and the modern religious register. Examining the patterns hidden in his work does not prevent us from appreciat- ing the beauty of his writing as some literary scholars might suggest. Instead, it al- lows us to better understand the approach he took to his work. This paper summa- rizes and exemplifies Tyndale’s contributions to English historical linguistics. The methodology involves reviewing previous scholarly assessments of Tyndale’s work, examining in detail his particular lexical and syntactic choices using text and cor- pus computer software, and, most especially, allowing William Tyndale to speak for himself.

13

Wojciech Ryszard Rzepka na tle poznańskiej tradycji językoznawstwa historycznego

75%

Walczak B.

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nr 1

269-280

PL

The article is an attempt to establish the position of the scholarly achievements of Wojciech Ryszard Rzepka (almost exclusively in the field of the history of the Polish language) on the background of the scholarly activity of his predecessors. The author adopted the output of his teacher and scholarly master, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, as the most important reference point. The author has examined more closely three currents in the research activity of Wojciech Rzepka: his lexical studies, his editorial and lexicographical output. Concluding the article, the author considered Rzepka most prominent historian of the Polish language in his generation – a researcher whose scholarly achievements are marked by originality and novelty as well as a harmonious combination of the dominating empiricism and understanding for the theory and methodology of historical linguistics.

14

Językowy obraz zwierząt w powieści ks. Stanisława Kujota Pierwsze nawrócenie Prusaków (1877–1878)

75%

Szczaus A.

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2021

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tom 20

181-193

EN

The purpose of the article is to re-create the linguistic image of animals that appears in the novel of Stanisław Kujot Pierwsze nawrócenie Prusaków [“The first conversion of Prussians”] published between 1877–1878. In order to re-create this image 1. the role animals played – according to the novel – in the life of Prussians was described, 2. the words naming animals were identified, and 3. linguistic means used to characterize and value animals were investigated. It was found that the image of animals presented in the novel is rich cognitively (a variety of animals’ roles in everyday life and in the Prussian beliefs are shown), but slightly poorer linguistically (in the novel only basic animal names are used, e.g. koń, niedźwiedź, pies, wilk, żmija, synonyms are rare, used only with regard to two names: koń – rumak, konik, podjezdek and żmija – wąż, gad, gadzina), adjectives that characterize or value are scarce, e.g. rączy, święty, niski, żartki, żwawy, verbs and their modifiers are numerous and mainly describe ways animals produce sound and move, e.g. świegotliwie śpiewać, krakać, syczeć, biegać lotem jastrzębia, hasać, unosić się).

PL

Celem artykułu jest odtworzenie językowego obrazu zwierząt wyłaniającego się z powieści ks. S. Kujota Pierwsze nawrócenie Prusaków (wyd. 1877–1878). By odtworzyć ten obraz: 1. określono, jaką rolę – zgodnie z powieściowym przekazem – odgrywały zwierzęta w życiu Prusów; 2. wydzielono wyrazy nazywające zwierzęta; 3. prześledzono określenia charakteryzujące i waloryzujące zwierzęta. Ustalono, że powieściowy obraz zwierząt jest bogaty poznawczo (w powieści pokazane różnorodne role zwierząt w życiu codziennym i w wierzeniach Prusów), a nieco uboższy językowo (w powieści obecne tylko podstawowe nazwy zwierząt, takie jak np. koń, niedźwiedź, pies, wilk, żmija; uboga synonimia tylko dwóch nazw: koń – rumak, konik, podjezdek oraz żmija – wąż, gad, gadzina; nieliczne przymiotniki charakteryzujące i waloryzujące, takie jak np. rączy, święty, niski, żartki, żwawy; liczne czasowniki i ich określenia wskazujące głównie na sposób wydawania głosu przez zwierzęta oraz nazywające ruch, np. świegotliwie śpiewać, krakać, syczeć, biegać lotem jastrzębia, hasać, unosić się).

15

A history of conjunctions introducing negative clauses in English: The case of 'for dread that'

63%

Łęcki A. M.

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nr 4

553-561

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza powstania oraz zmian zachodzących w spójniku wprowadzającym zdania podrzędne wyrażające negatywny cel FOR DREAD THAT w historii języka angielskiego. Fundamentem teoretycznym badania są mechanizmy gramatykalizacji zaproponowane przez Heinego i Kutevę w wielu ich pracach. Zebrany materiał pokazuje, iż rozwój tego stosunkowo rzadko występującego spójnika jest przypadkiem typowej gramatykalizacji, a jego powstanie mogło być wynikiem analogii do FOR FEAR THAT.

EN

This paper addresses the issue of the development of FOR DREAD THAT – a negative purpose subordinator in the history of the English language. The theoretical foundation of this work are the mechanisms of grammaticalisation suggested by Heine and Kuteva in many works of theirs. The gathered material shows that the development of this relatively rarely used subordinator constitutes a case of a typical grammaticalisation whose rise might have been the result of analogy with FOR FEAR THAT.

16

Between the East and the West: The Serbian language through the eyes of Japanese and Serbian researchers

63%

Grygiel M.

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nr LXVIII

17

Ciemna, szpetna, zepsuta. Norma i anomalia w opisie łaciny średniowiecznej

63%

Nowak K.

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tom 73

161-174

PL

W artykule omawiamy wybrane aspekty pojęcia normy, jakie dawały i niekiedy dają jeszcze o sobie znać w badaniach nad łaciną średniowieczną. Analizując wywód Charlesa du Cange’a z jego Glossarium, wskazujemy na preskryptywizm, jaki cechował wczesny dyskurs mediolatynistyczny. Przedstawiał on łacinę średniowieczną jako produkt zepsucia łaciny klasycznej, a dziś – będąc przejawem uniwersalnego mitu językowego (Watts 2014) – daje o sobie znać w opisie łaciny średniowiecznej jako zestawu dewiacji. Następnie omawiamy, odwołując się do modelu normy wypracowanego przez Bartsch (1982), efekty reformy karolińskiej z VIII w. jako przykładu szeroko zakrojonej polityki językowej. Ów akt „higieny językowej” (Cameron 1995) skutkował podniesieniem odmiany języka do statusu języka wzorcowego oraz kodyfikację i promulgację normy. W zakończeniu poświęcamy nieco miejsca roli błędu językowego w praktyce filologa i językoznawcy.

EN

The paper presents selected prescriptive tendencies that influenced and still influence Medieval Latin studies. It starts with a discussion of the preface of du Cange’s Glossarium, which demonstrates prescriptivism, typical of the early linguistic discourse. In this perspective Medieval Latin necessarily appears as a result of the decay of the purity of Classical Latin. This view, a universal linguistic myth (Watts 2014), is at present responsible for the misrepresentation of Medieval Latin as a set of mere deviations. Next, following the descriptive framework proposed by Bartsch (1982), the article shows the effects of the 8thcentury Carolingian reform. This act of “verbal hygiene“ (Cameron 1995) resulted in turning a specific language variety to a linguistic standard, which was then codified and promulgated. The article closes with a brief discussion of the role that language error plays in the work of a philologist and linguist.

18

Per la storia di "siccome", da avverbio comparativo a congiunzione causale

63%

Mingioni I.

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nr 9.1

139-157

IT

Il contributo analizza siccome nel passaggio dall’originario valore comparativo avverbiale, tuttora possibile, a quello di congiunzione che introduce una comparativa, documentato ab antiquo, a quello di congiunzione causale, ormai prevalente nell’uso corrente, specie nel parlato e nel trasmesso, ma non unanimemente considerato standard. Si propone quindi, sulla scia dei lavori di Mazzoleni (2007; 2012), un’analisi in diacronia del siccome, in cui, accanto alle indicazioni tratte da opere lessicografiche del passato (le edizioni del Vocabolario della Crusca, Tommaseo & Bellini, ma anche Tommaseo 1840; Ugolini 1848) e del presente (Battaglia 1961-2002, Sabatini & Coletti 1997, De Mauro 1999), nonché da grammatiche antiche (Soave 1771; Fornaciari 1881) e moderne (Battaglia & Pernicone 1968²; Serianni 1989), si analizzerà la documentazione tratta da corpora diacronici dell’italiano scritto, che potrà attestare i diversi valori di siccome nel corso del tempo. Studiando un caso di Grammaticalizzazione, si cercherà di offrire spunti di riflessione sull’evoluzione della norma grammaticale e sulle variazioni nell’uso, nel quadro complesso della storia dell’italiano.

EN

The study considers siccome from an etymological point of view and observes the morphosyntactic and semantic value of this key word in written Italian through a diachronic perspective. It discusses the evolution of siccome from being a comparative adverb, to a comparative conjunction, to a causal conjunction, and how its actual meaning is not considered standard by everyone, although currently it is used in spoken and transmitted Italian. On the basis of Mazzoleni’s studies, the essay analyses siccome through the old lexicographies (the various editions of the Vocabolario della Crusca; Tommaseo and Bellini; Tommaseo, 1840; Ugolini, 1848) and the modern dictionaries (Battaglia, 1961–2002; Sabatini and Coletti, 1997; De Mauro, 1999); also, it takes into account older and more recent grammars (Soave, 1771; Fornaciari, 1881; Battaglia and Pernicone, 1968; Serianni, 1989) as well as several documents taken from various diachronic corpora of written Italian, in an attempt to show every single meaning of siccome over time. By studying this case of grammaticalisation, I offer some insights and cues about the history of Italian grammar, about its variations in use, and how this affected the linguistic norm throughout the complex history of the Italian language.

19

The Prefix Vowels of the Prefix-Conjugation in the Jewish Arabic Dialect of ʿĀna: A Chain of Innovations

63%

Bar-Moshe A.

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2023

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tom 60

189-205

EN

The Jewish dialect of ʿĀna exhibits three synchronic vowel qualities for the prefix vowel in the prefix-conjugation of the first stem: a, ǝ, and u. While the latter vowel is an allophone of ǝ, the former two are independent phonemes. The existence of two phonemic prefix vowels, especially the vowel a, is intriguing in regional context since the reconstructed prefix vowel in qǝltu dialects is assumed to be *i. Therefore, this paper aims to outline the historical developments that led to this synchronic reality. It will argue that the prefix vowel a was borrowed from surrounding Bedouin dialects. As for the vowel ǝ, two hypotheses will be suggested to explain its existence: it either developed from the prefix vowel a in analogy to other cases of vowel raising, or it is simply a reflection of the older qǝltu prefix vowel. Regardless of which hypothesis we choose to follow, the assumed historical development has clearly not been finalised, resulting in synchronic free variation.