Opracowano efektywne, heterogeniczne katalizatory funkcjonalizowane organicznymi kompleksami palladu do reakcji sprzęgania Suzukiego z wykorzystaniem monolitycznych krzemionkowych materiałów o hierarchicznej strukturze porów oraz mezostrukturalnego nośnika typu SBA-15. Właściwości materiałów zbadano za pomocą SEM, TEM, adsorpcji azotu, FTIR oraz TG. Wysoka aktywność katalizatorów została potwierdzona w reakcji jodobenzenu z kwasem fenyloboronowym. W procesie prowadzonym w przepływowym mikroreaktorze uzyskano konwersję 96% i stwierdzono stabilność właściwości katalitycznych.
EN
Effective heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki coupling reaction have been prepared. Catalysts based on silica monoliths with hierarchical pore structure and SBA-15 modified with palladium organic complexes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen physical adsorption, thermogravimetry (TG) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies have been used to characterize the materials. Catalysts exhibited high activity for Suzuki coupling reaction of iodobenzene with phenylboronic acid. The flow microreactor showed stability of catalytic properties with an average conversion of 96%.
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To explore the basic principles of hierarchical materials designed from nanoscale and up, we have been studying the mechanics of robust and releasable adhesion nanostructures of gecko [1]. On the question of robust adhesion, we have introduced a fractal-like hierarchical hair model to show that structural hierarchy allows the work of adhesion to be exponentially enhanced as the level of structural hierarchy is increased. We show that the nanometer length scale plays an essential role in the bottom-up design and, baring fracture of hairs themselves, a hierarchical hair system can be designed from nanoscale and up to achieve flaw tolerant adhesion at any length scales. For releasable adhesion, we show that elastic anisotropy leads to orientation-dependent adhesion strength. Finite element calculations revealed that a strongly anisotropic attachment pad in contact wit h a rigid substrate exhibits essentially two levels of adhesion strength depending on the direction of pulling.