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Resistance in the hematophagous arthropods - problem on the rise. I. Resistance mechanisms to insecticides. Hematophagous arthropods are pesky but can also be very dangerous to human health due to their ability to act as vectors to many viral, bacterial or parasite-related diseases. The common application of chemicals to control pests leaded to the increasing resistance to pesticides among both insects and ticks. The causes underlying the appearance of the resistance and the mechanisms involved are presented in this article. The description of mechanisms is presented starting from decreased penetration of the pesticide, to an increase in metabolism of pesticide, to the reduced sensitivity of the pesticide's target.
EN
Resistance in the hematophagous arthropods - problem on the rise. II: The consequences of resistance and management strategies to avoid resistance development. Insecticide resistance has been a problem in all insects groups. Resistance has developed to every chemical class of insecticide, including microbial drugs and insect growth regulators. The result of rising resistance could be either increase in the number of arthropods cumbersome, like lice, or spread of arthropod-borne diseases, like malaria. The main tool of prevention against resistance is surveillance of the susceptibility of populations. Careful scrutiny of current information about vector resistance shows that the full effect of resistance on control efforts is not known. Resistance management strategies are dependent on early detection of the occurrence of resistance and efficient monitoring of resistance gene frequencies in populations. Detection of the susceptibility of a population could be shown trough bioassay, biochemical assay, or molecular assay. Resistance management can help avoid resistance development in populations or slow the rate of resistance development.
EN
Further records of Culicoides collected from new localities and regions are presented. C. vidourlensis (Baltic Coasts), C. abchazicus (Ojców National Park, Babia Góra Mts) and C. jurensis (Pieniny and Babia Góra Mts) are for the first time recorded from the country. At present 48 species of the genus are known to occur in Poland.
EN
A single male of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) sibirica (Bujanova, 1962) was collected in the Pieniny Mts. This is the first record of the species from Poland. F. sibirica is an Eastern Palaearctic bloodsucker causing a severe annoyance to humans in the vicinities of Krasnoyarsk (East Siberia). It seems that in Central Europe the species lives only in mountains which probably are its relict refuges since the Pleistocene. F. sibirica is very similar to F. nipponica. The only difference is found in the relation between X and XI male flagellomeres. In F. Nipponica flagellomere X is shorter than the next one, while in F. sibirica they are inversely related.
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