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1

Aleksander Nevski puhakulugu

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Ernits E.

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tom 73

15-46

EN

The article gives an insight into the hagiology (Old Russian житие) of Alexander Nevsky (ca. 1220–1263), Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir. It was probably put down in the 1280s, at the Nativity Monastery in Vladimir, where his body was initially buried and where, in the late 14th century, he was canonised. The hagiology was written by an unknown author. About twenty versions of the hagiology, dating back to the 14th–19th centuries, have been preserved, and all in all, about 500 manuscript texts. The unknown author did not describe Alexander Nevsky’s entire life but focused on certain details essential for the hagiology, such as the Battle of the Neva, driving out the German invaders from Pskov, the Battle on the Ice, a campaign in the Lithuanian territories, and diplomatic relations with the Golden Horde and Vatican. The ruler is depicted as an ideal hero – a brave commander, a wise politician, and a skilful diplomat. The author has not attempted to show Nevsky as a real person but has rather constructed him as a good Christian, a saint, and a pious man, who believes in Christ and therefore defeats all the enemies of Russia. The hagiology of Alexander Nevsky is a pathetic work written in the superlative, which, based on the then canons, glorifies the hero, yet includes many inconsistencies and exaggerations. It is especially important to emphasise that the story strongly overestimates the Battle of the Neva (1240) and the Battle on the Ice (1242), which were actually of local importance only. In the description of the Battle of the Neva an interesting detail is an Izhorian called Pelkoinen (in the hagiology Пелгусий) or Pelkoi (Пелгуй). These names are the first recordings of words in Izhorian. It can be concluded that Alexander Nevsky’s hagiology was a significant religious work in Russian political and church history, which aimed, through overestimating the hero’s deeds, to create and canonise the figure of an ideal ruler, which in turn helped to strengthen Russian statehood and Russians’ national identity.

2

Wielkie formy muzyczne dedykowane św. Jackowi Odrowążowi

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Towarek P.

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tom 20

177-192

EN

The presented article introduces the modern recipient to great musical forms dedicated to St. Jacek Odrowąż (Hyacinth of Poland). These include first monodic compositions: rhyme officially Adest dies celebris (1540), two Latin sequences Salvator collaudemus (first half of the 16th century) and Funde de caelestibus (from the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries), as well as two melodies of the Mass Alleluia with verses Gaude Hyacinthe and Memor pater, about Hyacinthe (1536). To the group of polyphonic compositions related to St. Jacek Odrowąż includes: a polychoral church concert Ave Florum Flos Hyacinthe by Marcin Mielczewski (d. 1651), an anonymous church concert, as well as a cantata Saint Jacek Patron of the Polish Crown (1780) by JakubGołąbek and priest Wacław Sierakowski (preserved only in the text version). This group also includes two contemporary mass compositions: Mass for St. Jacek Odrowąż (2004) by JacekSykulski and Missa in honorem sancti Hyacinthi (2015) composed by Paweł Bębenek.

PL

Przedłożony artykuł przybliża współczesnemu odbiorcy wielkie formy muzyczne dedykowane św. Jackowi Odrowążowi. Należą do nich najpierw kompozycje monodyczne: oficjum rymowane Adest dies celebris (1540), dwie łacińskie sekwencje Salvatorem collaudemus (I poł. XVI w.) oraz Funde de caelestibus (z przełomu XV i XVI w.), a także dwie melodie Alleluja mszalnego z wersetami Gaude fili Hyacinthe oraz Memor pater, o Hyacinthe (1536). Do grupy kompozycji polifonicznych związanych ze św. Jackiem zaliczamy: polichóralny koncert kościelny Ave Florum Flos Hyacinthe Marcina Mielczewskiego (†1651), anonimowy koncert kościelny Gaude Fili Hiacinthe, a także kantatę Święty Jacek Patron Korony Polskiej (1780) autorstwa Jakuba Gołąbka i ks. Wacława Sierakowskiego (zachowaną tylko w wersji tekstowej). Do kręgu tego należą także dwie współczesne kompozycje mszalne: Msza o św. Jacku Odrowążu (2004) autorstwa Jacka Sykulskiego oraz Missa in honorem sancti Hyacinthi (2015) skomponowana przez Pawła Bębenka.

3

Great musical forms dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. Outline of the issues

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Towarek P.

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nr 1

189-217

PL

Prezentowany artykuł stanowi przegląd wielkich form muzycznych poświęconych św. Marcinowi z Tours. Są to przede wszystkim kompozycje liturgiczne związane z czcią wobec świętego, jaka ukształtowała się w Kościele na przestrzeni wieków. Do tej grupy należą jednogłosowe części proprium Missae (wersety Alleluja, sekwencje), wielogłosowe motety liturgiczne okresu średniowiecza (Brassart, Roullet, Fresneau), a także utwory pozaliturgiczne (de Grudencz, de Machaut). Kompozycje te ukazują dokonujący się w tym czasie niezmiernie ważny na gruncie kultu liturgicznego i pobożności ludowej proces przemiany wizerunku św. Marcina od wyznawcy, biskupa i mnicha do szlachetnego rycerza i żołnierza Chrystusa (miles Christi). Dowody liturgicznej czci wobec św. Marcina można znaleźć w dwóch mszach (ordinarium Missae) z okresu średniowiecza (d’Amaerval, Obrecht), motetach renesansu i baroku (di Lasso, Palestrina, de Monte, Handl, Marenzio, Anerio, Mielczewski), mszach romantyzmu (Stahl, Kircher, Bottazzo) oraz XX i XXI wieku (Miškinis, Pitzl, Nowak, Halter), a także utworach oratoryjno-kantatowych (Kocsár, Schlenker) i hymnach (Augustinas, Monks, Łukaszewski). Przedstawiona w niniejszym artykule refleksja teologiczna mieści się w obszarze hagiologii aspektowej, czyli takiej, która skupia specjalistów z różnych dyscyplin nad wspólnym tematem badawczym, tj. „święci, świętość”, dążąc do innowacyjności.

EN

This article gives an overview of the great musical forms dedicated to St Martin of Tours. These are primarily liturgical compositions, connected with the reverence for the person of the saint which has been formed in the Church over the centuries. This group includes single-voice parts of the proprium Missae (Alleluia verses, sequences), multi-voice liturgical motets of the medieval period (Brassart, Roullet, Fresneau), as well as extra-liturgical works (de Grudencz, de Machaut). These compositions show the process of transformation of the image of St Martin, which was taking place at the time and was extremely important in terms of liturgical worship and popular piety: from a follower, bishop and monk, to a noble knight and soldier of Christ (miles Christi). Evidence of liturgical reverence towards St Martin can be found in the two masses (ordinarium Missae) of the medieval period (d’Amaerval, Obrecht), the motets of the Renaissance and Baroque (di Lasso, Palestrina, de Monte, Handl, Marenzio, Anerio, Mielczewski), the masses of the Romanticism (Stahl, Kircher, Bottazzo) and the 20th and 21st centuries (Miškinis, Pitzl, Nowak, Halter), as well as oratorio and cantata works (Kocsár, Schlenker) and hymns (Augustinas, Monks, Łukaszewski). The theological reflection presented in this article falls within in the field of aspectual hagiology, i.e. one that brings together specialists from various disciplines on a common research subject, i.e. ‘saints, holiness’, aiming at innovation.

4

Eucharystyczno-paschalna tożsamość roku liturgicznego

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Rutkowski A.

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tom 1

227-240

EN

The issue of the Eucharistic-Paschal identity of the liturgical year is first of all concerned with the focusing and propagating role of the Easter Triduum in the liturgical year, the message about the mystery of the Lord’s Birth, the message of Mariology and hagiology in the liturgical year and with the cycle of the liturgical year. (1) The focusing and propagating role of the Easter Triduum touches the very foundations of the identity of the liturgical year. This means that the Easter Triduum concentrates on itself the periods, celebrations, feasts, remembrances and ordinary days of the liturgical year. However, at the same time the seasons, celebrations and feasts, remembrances, and ordinary days propagate the mystery of Redemption in the cycle of the liturgical year. This role is rendered by the terms contained in the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, like: making the mysteries of Redemption present, or the cycle of the year. It seems that in the perspective of the liturgical year first of all celebrations like: the feast of the Most Holy Trinity, of Christ’s Most Holy Body and Blood, of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, of Jesus Christ King of the Universe, etc. receive their identity. (2) The mystery of the Lord’s Birth in the whole of the liturgical year is referred to first of all by the celebrations, feasts and remembrances of Blessed Virgin Mary. For many of them the celebrations of the Immaculate Conception of Blessed Virgin Mary or of the Annunciation of the Lord become a kind of bridge to the mystery of the Lord’s Birth, or indeed to the Easter Triduum. This especially concerns the remembrances connected with the spirituality of religious orders or the appearances of Blessed Virgin Mary. Among celebrations, feasts and remembrances of the Lord’s Saints the feast of the Holy Archangels, the celebration and remembrance of St Joseph, the feast of the Saint Evangelists, the Doctors of the Church, order-founders, and others, based on their spirituality and teaching, refer to the Lord’s Birth. (3) In the transmission of the Eucharistic-Paschal Mariology and hagiology attention should be first of all paid to the remembrance of Our Lady of the Sorrows, Our Lady the Queen, Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, the feast of the Mother of the Church, as well as to feasts and remembrances of the Saints who were particularly connected to the Paschal Mystery. The proper perspective is also given to Mariology and hagiology by the celebration of the Ascension of Our Lord and of Pentecost. With respect to other groups of Saints, the adequate context may be noticed by the celebrations, feasts and remembrances of the Worshippers of the Holy Eucharist, the Founders of charities, the Mystics of the Lord’s Passion, the Martyrs, the Educationists, the Missionaries, the Worshippers of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kings. It is celebrations, feasts and remembrances of Saints that join experiencing the mystery of the Lord’s Birth and the Paschal Mystery. (4) The cycle of the liturgical year is not only a chronological cycle, but also a Paschal one. The cycle is first of all the succession of the Easter Triduum, experiencing the mystery of the Lord’s Birth, and respective periods of deepening and preparation. The mutual succession of celebrations, feasts, and remembrances is first of all concerned with the Paschal mystery, with the Lord’s birth, with Blessed Virgin Mary and with the Apostles. Particular celebrations, feasts and remembrances enrich the cycle of the liturgical year and in a peculiar way reach to the depth of the past of the work of Salvation, and at the same time they look ahead of this work. They reach the creation of the world, go beyond the time of the world, and at the same time they look ahead of eschatology.