In the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains (Karkonosze) occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice (Warmbrunn), which was owned by the Schaffgotschs. After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch. The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems (Tralles), nature studies (Volkmar) and travel accounts (GutsMuths, Troschel and others) written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu. What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
The aim of this study is to show the trends and direction of the changes that have occurred in the image of the father, as presented in handbooks for parents in the years 1918–1970. Gradual modifications occurred both in the scope of the duties assigned to father and in his image as promoted in pedagogic literature. In the years 1918–1970 hundreds of guidebooks for parents were published; almost two hundred of them were issued in the Second Polish Republic period. The authors of the interwar guides were both Polish and Western European specialists; secular and associated with the Catholic Church. After 1948, religious books and translations of English, German or French books ceased to appear; reception of Soviet pedagogy has resulted in numerous translations of Soviet books for parents. Literature for parents covered a wide range of subjects referring to all phases and aspects of child’s life. Questions related to preparation for parenthood, care of newborn and infant, upbringing of the child, cooperation between school and family, choice of profession and many others were discussed. Polish guidebooks for parents contain a number of comments relating to the functioning of the family as a whole family model that was considered desirable, as well as the role and tasks assigned its individual members, apart from guidelines and warnings related to care and upbringing. Authors of guidebooks presented both qualities that make up the image of a good father and examples of negative paternal attitudes or behaviour. The range of tasks assigned to fathers allows to discovery that some duties related with upbringing were destined only for women.
PL
Celem niniejszej analizy jest ukazanie tendencji oraz kierunku zmian, jakie dokonały się w obrazie ojca przedstawianym w poradnikach dla rodziców w latach 1918–1970. Stopniowym modyfikacjom ulegał bowiem zarówno wizerunek ojca, przedstawiany w literaturze poradnikowej, jak również zakres przypisywanych mu obowiązków. W latach 1918–1970 wydanych zostało kilkaset poradników dla rodziców; tylko w okresie Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej ukazało się ich blisko dwieście. Autorami międzywojennych poradników byli zarówno polscy, jak i zachodnioeuropejscy specjaliści; świeccy i związani z Kościołem katolickim. Po roku 1948 poradniki religijne oraz tłumaczenia dzieł pedagogów zachodnioeuropejskich przestały się ukazywać; recepcja pedagogiki radzieckiej zaowocowała licznymi przekładami radzieckich książek dla rodziców. Na łamach literatury poradnikowej poruszano szeroki zakres tematów nawiązujących do wszystkich etapów oraz sfer życia dziecka. Omawiano zagadnienia związane z przygotowaniem do rodzicielstwa, opieką i pielęgnacją noworodka i niemowlęcia, wychowaniem dziecka w różnym wieku, współpracą domu rodzinnego ze szkołą, wyborem zawodu i wiele innych. Oprócz zaleceń opiekuńczo-wychowawczych w poradnikach znaleźć można liczne uwagi odnoszące się do funkcjonowania rodziny jako całości – modelu rodziny uznawanego ówcześnie za pożądany, a także roli i zadań przypisywanych poszczególnym jej członkom. Poradniki stanowią także źródło informacji na temat obrazu idealnego ojca, funkcjonującego w badanym okresie. Przedstawiono w nich zarówno cechy charakteryzujące dobrego ojca, jak i przykłady negatywnych ojcowskich postaw czy zachowań. Zakres przypisywanych ojcom zadań pozwolił na odkrycie obowiązków, za które w procesie wychowania odpowiedzialne były wyłącznie kobiety.
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