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Działania nieregularne w polskiej myśli wojskowej XIX i XX wieku

100%

Wyszczelski L.

tom nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

13-29

The theory of irregular operations dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and it was connected with experiences of partisan operations in Spain. The Italians were its creators. The Poles contributed immensely to it thanks to Gen. Wojciech Chrzanowski, the author of the book entitled “On Partisan War” published in 1835. Also the literary outputs of Gen. Józef Zachariasz Bem, Aleksander Jelocicki and Ludwik Bystrzowski were significant. In turn, the Poles, namely Karol Bogumił Stolzman and Henryk Kamieński, created the theory of people's war. The theory of irregular operations had been undergoing a revival until World War II. American and French theoreticians contributed mostly to it. It was an after- math of partisan wars waged mainly in Asia and Africa.

Operacjonalizacja kultury w przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom asymetrycznym

80%

Trochowska K.

2013

tom nr 3(92)

47-74

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the cultural dimension of military-led endeavors of the international community aimed at countering asymmetric threats such as post-modern terrorism and insurgencies. Although the international community agreed that military activity itself is not a proper answer to the transnational terrorist threat, the use of military components will be continued in such activities. In particular that military operations have nowadays extended way beyond the traditional, Clausewitz’s hard power concept. Not only do we observe the shift of the centers of gravity in today’s operations towards the human terrain, namely the area of operation population. Contemporary military operations also characterize with rising significance of non-kinetic elements in "COIN," anti- and counterterrorism operations, such as civil-military cooperation, civil affairs, psychological and information operations, which base on profound knowledge of adversaries’ cultures. With the emergence of population-centric operations, an urgent need of considering cultural factors of the Area of Operation emerged, and the missing link between the awareness of the cultural aspects of threats, such as also terrorist activity, and operational plans that consider them, has not yet been found and fully utilized in military planning. Therefore we face a need of the skill of operationalization of culture, understood as the identification of vital for military activities features of culture of any object of the activity, and integrating such knowledge and skills into the processes of shaping military security. Hence, although the article’s main focus is on military aspects of combating terrorism, the strategic security environment changes and the paradigm shift, demand us to consider wide, sociocultural context, not only criminal and military aspect of terrorism. Although insurgency and terrorism are not the same phenomena, their culture, motivations, mechanisms and organizational structure is alike, and they both use terrorism as heir tactics. Many of the lessons learned during counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq can be used while combating terrorism within military and other security operations elsewhere, not only for the needs of the military, but also other armed formations - such as the police - and civilian specialists working in the field. Gathered research proves that operationalization of culture can be an effective tool of enhancing the effectiveness of employing uniformed formations to counter violent extremisms.