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Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Using Penman-Monteith (FAO-56-PM) Method from Limited Data in Fan and Pad Greenhouses

100%

Gaafer A. M. A. , Mohammed H. I. , Elfadil A. D.

tom 53

49-59

ABSTRACT Determination of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in required for design, management and scheduling of irrigation water in fan and pad greenhouses. In actual practice estimation of (ETo) in fan and pad greenhouses is often made using the Penman-Monteith FAO-56-PM; method from external meteorological data. This requires availability of accurate meteorological input data (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation). This is constrained by lack of such data which is a common problem in developing countries. In this study the proposed procedure to estimate ETo is based on using limited data of outdoor historically recorded climate elements of only temperature wind speed, and site characteristics (altitude, latitude and sun shine hours). In the proposed method radiation is to be predicted from data of air temperature difference rather than its direct measurement. This because radiation measurement using pyranometers and net radiometers is borne to errors calibration errors commonly plagued by hysteresis, and nonlinearity. The obtained results of the proposed alternative procedure were statistically validated in comparison with the standard method (FAO 56 PM) using unlimited input data measured inside the greenhouse and in reference to a directly measured ETo values by class-A-evaporation pan. The performance of the developed model was evaluated by the determination coefficient of the regression "R2 for goodness-of-fit" and by using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The needed data is collected during three years in three sites in Khartoum North-Sudan El Alafoon, Halfaya, and Shambat. In each site three greenhouses were employed, and data is taken every three days for three months in each year. The obtained result reveals that the proposed limited data procedure to estimate the ETo inside greenhouses agree on statistical basis well with both pan measurement and PM estimation from measured indoor climate variables. The study reveals importance of temperature data for estimating ETo in greenhouses and calls for insuring high quality temperature data for calculating ETo in fan and pad greenhouses.

Utylizacja i zarządzanie odpadami w laboratoriach mikrobiologicznych

67%

Salamonowicz M. , Salamonowicz E.

tom nr 5-6

60--62

Utylizacja i inaktywacja odpadów w laboratoriach mikrobiologicznych jest procesem uzależnionym od poziomu hermetyczności środowiska laboratoryjnego. Wymaga to opracowania odpowiednich procedur operacyjnych wynikających z dokonania analizy i oceny ryzyka badań oraz europejskich uwarunkowań normatywnych. Odpowiedni proces utylizacji odpadów wpływa na zwiększenie bezpieczeństwa zarówno wewnątrz laboratoriów, jak również na bezpieczeństwo otaczającego środowiska.

Disposal of waste and waste inactivation in the microbiological laboratories is the process dependent on the containment level in the laboratory. These processes require the development of appropriate operational procedures based on the risk assessment studies and European Norms requirements. Appropriate waste disposal process increases the safety level both inside the laboratory as well as the safety of the surrounding environment.