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Produkcja górnicza podstawowych surowców mineralnych w świecie i w Polsce w roku 2012

100%

Stanienda K.

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tom R. 65, nr 12

651--662

PL

W artykule dokonano analizy i zestawiono w tablicy wielkości produkcji podstawowych surowców mineralnych w świecie i w Polsce w 2012 roku, z uwzględnieniem czołowych producentów. Analizie poddano wybrane surowce z grupy metali i kamieni szlachetnych, grupy metali kolorowych, podstawowe surowce z grupy metali lekkich lub ich rud, surowce z grupy metali staliwnych lub ich rud, surowce energetyczne, surowce nuklearne, wybrane surowce chemiczne oraz podstawowe surowce ogniotrwałe. Przedstawiono istotne zmiany w wielkości produkcji tych surowców mineralnych w stosunku do 2011 roku.

EN

This article analyzed and are summarized in a table the production volumes of the basic minerals in the World and in Poland in 2012, including the leading producers. The analysis comprises the selected raw minerals from the group of metals and gemstones, a group of non-ferrous metals, basic raw minerals from the group of light metals or their ores, raw materials from steel or metal ores, raw energy minerals, nuclear materials, selected basic chemical raw materials and refractory materials. It describes the significant changes in the volume of production of these minerals as compared to 2011.

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Mineralogical, geochemical and gemological investigation of Artova Ch-chalcedonies, Tokat – Turkey

84%

Başıbüyük Z. , Akbudak I. K. , Gürbüz M.

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tom T. 36, z. 1

77--92

EN

Ch-chalcedony is a green colored member of the quartz group of gem stones. The appearance of Ch-chalcedony is very similar to that of chrysoprase. Differently, Ch-chalsedonies have a chromium element instead of a nickel element as a trace element. Green quartz used in jewelery as a seal stone, in necklaces and rings and has been one of the most valuable quartz varieties throughout history, with its beautiful green color, more rare than other quartz varieties. The Ch-chalcedonies in the North Anatolian region is yellowish-white, brownish gray, light green to dark green in color ranging from several centimeters to one meter thick in veins and lenses in the Lower-Middle Eocene dolomitic limestones. Ch-chalcedonies are composed of fine-grained and occasionally fibrous needle-like quartz; in some examples, quartz is present together with cristobalite, tridimite and cuspidine minerals. According to geochemical investigations in Ch-chalcedonies, the main oxides that were determined are as follows: SiO2 was observed in the range of 95.86–97.81%, Fe2O3 was observed in the range of 0.61–0.91% and Cr2O3 was observed in the range of 0.125–0.168%. A trace element analysis of Ch-chalcedonies, shows their significant enrichments in: Ni, Mo, Cu, Mn, V, Cr and W, especially in the Cr (up to 705 ppm). The green color of the studied Cr-chalcedonies originates from the element chromium. Taking the possible reserves into account, the hardness, color, massive structures, mineralogical, petrographical and gemological features of Ch-chalcedonies in the region are evaluated together. It is determined that they are suitable for the production of jewelry and ornaments.

PL

Ch-chalcedon jest składnikiem kwarcowej grupy kamieni szlachetnych w kolorze zielonym. Wygląd Ch-chalcedonu jest bardzo podobny do chryzoprazu. W szczególności Ch-chalcedony zawierają pierwiastek chromu zamiast pierwiastka niklu jako pierwiastka śladowego. Zielony kwarc stosowany w biżuterii jako kamień do: pieczętowania, naszyjników i pierścionków był jedną z najcenniejszych odmian kwarcu w historii dziejów. Ch-chalcedony w regionie północnoatlantyckim mają żółtawo-biały, brązowo-szary kolor od jasnozielonego do ciemnozielonego o grubości od kilku centymetrów do jednego metra, występują w żyłach i soczewkach wapieni dolomitycznych dolno-środkowego eocenu. Ch-chalcedony składają się z drobnoziarnistego i czasami włóknistego igłopodobnego kwarcu; w niektórych próbkach kwarc występuje razem z minerałami krystobalitu, tridymitu i kuspidyny. Według badań geochemicznych w Ch-chalcedonach zawartość głównych tlenków kształtowała się następująco: SiO2 zaobserwowano w zakresie 95,86–97,81%, Fe2O3 zaobserwowano w zakresie 0,61–0,91%, a Cr2O3 zaobserwowano w zakresie 0,125–0,168%. Analiza pierwiastków śladowych Ch-chalcedonów pokazuje ich znaczące wzbogacenie w: Ni, Mo, Cu, Mn, V, Cr i W, szczególnie w Cr (do 705 ppm). Zielony kolor badanych Ch-chalcedonów pochodzi od pierwiastka chromu. Obecnie oceniane są: możliwe zasoby, twardość, kolor, struktury, cechy mineralogiczne, petrograficzne i gemologiczne chalcedonów w analizowanym regionie. Ustalono, że te Ch-chalcedony nadają się do produkcji biżuterii i ozdób.

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Tělesnost nerostů a země v pozdně antickém a raně islámském Egyptě

67%

Preininger M.

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nr 68

14-25

EN

Corporeality permeates the concept of something as seemingly disembodied as minerals or the earth, as we naturally perceive our surroundings through the prism of our own bodily experience. Using the examples of two objects from late antique and early Islamic Egypt, traditionally categorized as “magical” objects, it is illustrated here how corporeality permeates the perception of earth and stones in a particular historical context. The first object examined is a black hematite stone, which most likely served to protect against or stop excessive (typically gynecological) bleeding. The second is a papyrus with a so-called judicial curse, according to which those who transgressed against the inflictor of this curse were to be swallowed by the throat of the earth.

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Gemstones of eastern Kazakhstan

67%

Chlachula J.

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tom Vol. 26, No. 2

139--162

EN

An overview is presented of gemstones from eastern Kazakhstan in terms of their geographical distribution, geological provenance and genesis, gemmological characteristics, historical use and current applications. Locally occurring precious, semi-precious and decorative stones were extracted and traded along the northern part of the Silk Road that traversed the area in earlier historical times. Currently, non-metallic minerals, which largely originate from mafic igneous and metamorphic bodies of the Altay and Kalba Mountains of Kazakhstan, still are insufficiently known and exploited industrially only marginally. For the present study, selected depositories of coloured stones at the Mineralogy Museum of the East Kazakhstan State Technical University were used, supplemented by the newly collected material during personal fieldwork in the southern Altay between 2005 and 2015. Standard documentation of the gemstones selected is provided, alongside with their known occurrence sites and an evaluation of the perspective gemstone-bearing deposits with respect to regional morphostructural bedrock characteristics. The most precious gemstones include topaz, corundum (sapphire and ruby), beryl (emerald and aquamarine), coloured tourmalines, agates as well as diamonds. Despite the great variety, the majority of these traditionally most valued stones are currently commercially not viable, unlike high-quality decorative stones.