Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Development of Dual-Bed, Internal Circulating Fluidized Bed (ICFB) Gasifier

100%

Kalisz S. , Svoboda K. , Miccio F. , Martinec J. , Baxter D.

|

2008

|

tom Vol. 28 nr 1-2

21-33

EN

The paper is devoted to the development of the concept of dual-bed internal circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) gasifier. The concept is also known as fast internal circulating fluidized bed (FICFB) or dual fluidized bed (DFB) gasification and refers to the promising gasification process basing on two interconnected reactors. In an ICFB process developed at JRC-IE Petten, the highly endothermic gasification reactions taking place in the fluidized bed are supported by heat and material exchange from the riser column (combustor) operating in pneumatic transport mode. In contrast to other designs, both reactors are integrally coupled and the riser is coaxially immersed in the gasifier. The obvious advantages of this approach such as excellent heat transfer and overall compactness are accompanied by certain drawbacks such as complication of the facility and problems with separation of gases between reactors. The paper reports on the design of the ICFB gasifier and the modifications leading to improvements in its general operating features. Some preliminary results are also provided together with overall operating experiences we gained during the start-up phase of the facility.

2

Argumenty przemawiające za zgazowaniem paliw stałych

80%

Rakowski J.

|

1998

|

tom T. 14, z. 4

59-71

PL

Artykuł zawiera dostępne informacje dotyczące pracujących obecnie bloków gazowo-parowych na gaz z węgla: Demkolec (Buggenum, Holandia) - 253 MWe, uruchomiony w 1994 r.; Wabash River (Indiana, USA) - 252 MWe w 1995 r.; Tampa EC (Floryda, USA) - 250 MWe w 1996 r.; Pinon Pine (Nevada, USA) - 100 MWe w 1997 r.; Elcogas (PuertolIano, Hiszpania) - 300 MWe, obecnie w trakcie uruchamiania. Informacje dotyczą zgazowywanego węgla, uzyskiwanych sprawności, emisji zanieczyszczeń, odpadów stałych, odzysku czystej siarki oraz stwierdzonych (ujawnionych) usterek. Przedstawiono dostępne informacje dotyczące kosztów. Na tym tle przedyskutowano przesłanki przemawiające za rozważeniem warunków i opłacalności budowy w Polsce bloku gazowo-parowego opartego na zgazowaniu węgla. W uzupełnieniu wymieniono instalacje zgazowania biomasy. Szczegółowiej przedstawiono informacje dotyczące instalacji zgazowania odpadów drzewnych (zrębków) przy elektrowni McNeil w Burlington (Vermont, USA).

EN

The paper will contain available information about newly commissioned integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) units: Demkolec (Buggenum, NL) - 253 MWe in 1994; Wabash River (Indiana, USA) - 252 MWe in 1995; Tampa EC (Florida, USA) - 250 MWe in 1996; Pinon Pine (Nevada, USA) - 100 MWe in 1997; Elcogas (Puertollano, Spain) - 300 MWe in 1997/98. Information will concern the gasified coal, net plant efficiency, pollutants emission, solid waste, sulfur recovery, revealed operating shortcomings and estimated costs. On this background the prerequisites of considering reason for installing an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) unit in Poland will be discussed. Complementary information on gasification of biomass will mention some projects and demonstration plants. It will include information on wood chips gasification plant at the Mc Neil Electric Generating Facility (Burlington, Vermont USA).

3

Estimation of reburning potential of syngas from sewage sludge gasification process

80%

Werle S.

Chemical and Process Engineering

|

2011

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tom 32

|

nr 4

411-421

EN

The motivation of this work was to define the reburning potential of sewage sludge gasification gas (syngas). Numerical simulation of co-combustion process of syngas in hard coal-fired boiler has been done. All the calculations were performed using the Chemkin program. Plug-Flow Reactor model was used. The calculations were modelled using GRI-Mech 2.11 mechanism. The highest NO conversions are obtained at the temperature of about 1000-1200 K. The highest reduction efficiency was achieved for the molar flow ratio of syngas equal to 15%. The combustion of hard coal with sewage sludge - derived syngas reduces NO emissions and the amount of coal needed to produce electricity and heat. Advanced reburning, which is a more complicated process gives efficiency of up to 80%. The calculations show that the analyzed syngas can yield better results.

4

Air pollution against the background of gasification and climatic factors (exemplified by the situation of Rabka)

80%

Miczyński J. , Department of Meteorology and Climatology Academy of Agriculture in Kraków

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

|

1999

|

tom 3

EN

In the paper the results of air pollution researches in Rabka (dust and sulphure dioxide concentration), conducted before and during the gasification of the town, are presented. The considerable decrease of the air pollution level has been appeared in the period 1993-1995. It is suggested that the introduction of gas as a main energy medium instead of coal and coke had an important influence on this decrease. The consequence of long winter 1995/96 with low temperatures was increase of pollutions levels.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zanieczyszczenia powietrza pyłem i dwutlenkiem siarki w Rabce, przeprowadzone przed, jak też w trakcie gazyfikacji miasta i rozpatrywane na tle czynników pogody. Ocena dotychczasowego materiału wykazała, iż od 1993 r. zaznaczył się wyraźny spadek poziomu zanieczyszczeń powietrza w odniesieniu do lat wcześniejszych i sugerowała, iż wprowadzenie gazu jako nośnika energii w miejsce węgla i koksu miało istotny wpływ na zmniejszenie zanieczyszczenia powietrza do roku 1995. Długa i charakteryzująca się niskimi temperaturami zima 1995/96 istotnie zaburzyła występującą prawidłowość i w konsekwencji wystąpił wzrost poziomów zanieczyszczeń i pogorszenie oczekiwanych efektów aerosanitarnych, a w efekcie korzyści zdrowotnych uzdrowiska Rabka.

5

Gas chromatography as a tool for determining coal chars reactivity in the process of steam gasification

80%

Smoliński A.

|

2008

|

tom Vol. 20, no. 3

349-365

EN

Upgrading of the efficiency of industrial power-production systems and environmental aspects, e.g. reduction of emission of greenhouse gases, is of particular interest to the Polish power sector, inherently depending on its own coal resources and coal processing technologies. Some information on fuel suitability for particular processing technology can be obtained from its reactivity. In this paper a procedure for testing coal chars reactivity, and the results obtained, in the process of steam gasification of coal in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor are presented. The procedure is based on gas chromatographic analysis of a synthesis gas produced in the process. Chemometric methods (for example as hierarchical clustering) enabled discovery of the similarities and dissimilarities of coal samples and investigation of the relationships between the reactivity of coal chars and selected physical and chemical properties important in the steam gasification process.

6

Obtaining of reducing gases from low-grade coals.

80%

Pashchenko L. V. , Saranchuk V. I. , Galushko L. Y. , Shendrik T. G.

|

tom Vol. 9, nr 56

405-408

EN

It has been established that low-grade and salty coals in principle could be used as raw material for reception of reducing gases by the method of carbon dioxide gasification at the temperature of 1000 C. The preliminary treatment of these coals by 1% alkaline solution allows to extract the humates of alkaline metals and to increase the rate of gasification in 1,1-1,4 times.

PL

Stwierdzono, że niskogatunkowe oraz zasolone węgle mogą być wykorzystane jako surowiec do otrzymywania gazów redukcyjnych w procesie gazyfikacji tlenkiem węgla w temperaturze 1000 C. Wstępna obróbka węgli za pomocą 1% roztworu zasady pozwala wydzielić sole metali kwasów huminowych oraz zwiększyć szybkośc gazyfikacji 1,1-1,4 razy.

7

Thermochemical analysis of a flue gas-driven biomass gasification

80%

Litka R. , Kalisz S.

Chemical and Process Engineering

|

2012

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tom 33

|

nr 3

487-503

EN

One of the methods of obtaining energy from renewable sources is the technology of indirect cofiring of biomass. It consists in the gasification of secondary fuel and combustion of the generated gas in the boiler together with its primary fuel. The paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of the use of the boiler flue gases as the converting medium in the process of indirect co-firing - a technology which is being developed at the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery of the Silesian University of Technology. The basis of the analysis are the data resulting from variant calculations conducted with the use of the Gaseq program. The calculations were made for various compositions of gasified fuel and the converting medium, variable fuel/oxidiser ratios and variable gasification temperatures. As a result, the equilibrium composition and the calorific value of the generated gas were obtained. The main optimisation objective adopted here was the nondimensional efficiency coefficient, which is the ratio of the chemical energy of products to the chemical energy of the process reactants.

8

The effect of calcium compounds on the reactivity of lignite chars

80%

Kaczmarczyk J. , Kordylewski W. , Zacharczuk W. , Hardy T.

|

2006

|

tom Vol. 26 nr 1-2

5-18

EN

The effect of calcium compounds present in lignite on the effectiveness of steam gasification of lignite chars has been studied at the temperature of 750° C. lignites from three Polish mines were used. Samples were demineralized with 2M HCl to remove alkali and alkaline earth metals. The demineralized lignites were loaded with Ca using: calcium acetate Ca(CH3COO)2, calcium hydroxite Ca(OH)2 and calcium carbonate CaCO3. The lignite samples were carbonized at the temperature of 900 °C in order to obtain lignite chars. The gasification process, applying steam as the oxidizing agent, was studied using thermogravimetric analysis at the temperature of 750 °C. For the process of gasification, the catalytic effect caused by the presence of calcium in lignite was found to be very important (2-7 times reaction rate acceleration). Even more important appeared to be the fact, that the effect of calcium was practically independent of the kind of calcium compound used. The inherent minerals present in raw lignite exert a similar catalytic effect to that caused by the added calcium.

9

Reburning potential of gas from the sewage sludge gasification process

80%

Werle S. , Wilk R. K.

|

2011

|

tom Vol. 31 nr 1-2

55-62

EN

In this work numerical simulation of the reburning process have been done. The calculations were modeled using the GRI-Mech 2.11 mechanism for reactions between the reburning fuel and flue gases from hard coal combustion. As reburning fuel, gas from sewage sludge gasification process was used. Because the Chemkin is the most widely used software for combustion simulations with detailed chemistry, we have chosen Chemkin ver. 2.1 in our computations. The main aim of simulations was the estimation of the influence of gas from sewage sludge gasification on NO, emission reduction.

10

Application of the TG-MS system in studying sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification

70%

Bedyk T. , Nowicki L. , Stolarek P. , Ledakowicz S.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2008

|

tom 10

|

nr 1

1-5

EN

A method of monitoring sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification was proposed. Samples of sludge were pyrolysed in Ar and gasified in CO2 in a thermobalance. The evolved gases were analysed on the calibrated MS, the samples of sludge and solid residues at different stages of the processes were subjected to elemental analysis. The identification and the quantitative characterisation of chemical reactions were performed, based on the DTG and MS profiles.

11

Simulation of circulating fluidized bed gasification for characteristic study of pakistani coal

70%

Ramzan N. , Athar M. , Begum S. , Ahmad S. W. , Naveed S.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2015

|

tom 17

|

nr 1

66-78

EN

A process model for turbulent pressurized circulating fluidized-bed coal gasifier is created using ASPEN PLUS software. Both hydrodynamic and reaction kinetics parameter are taken into account, whose expressions for fluidized bed are adopted from the literature. Various reactor models available in ASPEN PLUS with calculator as External Block are nested to solve hydrodynamics and kinetics. Multiple operational parameters for a pilot-plant circulating fluidized-bed coal gasifier are used to demonstrate the effects on coal gasification characteristics. This paper presents detailed information regarding the simulation model, including robust analysis of the effect of stoichiometric ratio, steam to coal ratio, gasification temperature and gasification agent temperature. It is observed that, with the increase in the flow rate of air, the components hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane reduce, which causes the Lower Heating Value (LHV) of synthesis gas (Syn. Gas) to decrease by about 29.3%, while increment in the steam flow rate shows a minute increase in heating value of only 0.8%. Stoichiometric ratio has a direct relationship to carbon conversion efficiency and carbon dioxide production. Increasing the steam to coal ratio boosts the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and causes a drop in both carbon dioxide concentration and the conversion efficiency of carbon. High gasifying agent temperature is desired because of high concentration of CO and H2, increasing carbon conversion and LHV. A high gasifying agent temperature is the major factor that affects the coal gasification to enhance H2 and CO production rapidly along with other gasification characteristics.

12

Analiza efektywności zgazowania węgla połączonego z usuwaniem ditlenku węgla

60%

Ściążko M. , Zapart L. , Dreszer K.

|

2006

|

tom T. 9, z. spec.

287-298

PL

Zgazowanie węgla jest technologią umożliwiającą nie tylko osiągnięcie wysokich sprawności wytwarzania energii elektrycznej, ale także może być bezpośrednio powiązane z wytwarzaniem paliw ciekłych. W obu przypadkach efektywność wytwarzania produktów uzależniona jest od kosztów związanych z emisją ditlenku węgla. W pracy poddano analizie wpływ uwzględnienia kosztów emisji ditlenku węgla na efektywność ekonomiczną różnych układów technologicznych opartych o zgazowanie węgla, tzn. podstawowego - zintegrowanego z zespołem turbin parowo-gazowych (IGCC) oraz poligeneracyjnego - wytwarzającego równocześnie energię elektryczną i paliwa ciekłe.

EN

Coal gasification makes able to achieve not only the high efficiency of electricity generation but also creates opportunity for parallel production of liquid fuels. In both cases the economic and thermal efficiencies of production depend on costs related to carbon dioxide emission penalty or capture/storage option. In the paper the effect of carbon dioxide emission cost on economical performance of various coal gasification technological options was discussed, namely coal gasification integrated with gas and steam turbine sets (IGCC) and polygeneration option combining power generation with liquid fuels production.

13

Influence of Wastewater Treatment and The Method of Sludge Disposal on the Gasification Process

60%

Werle S. , Dudziak M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

|

2014

|

tom 21

|

nr 2

255-268

EN

Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper environmentally accepted management before final disposal. Sewage sludge is a by-product of current wastewater treatment technologies. Sewage sludge disposal depends on the sludge treatment methods used in the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic or aerobic digestion, drying, etc.). Taking into consideration presented given this information, a study concerning the effects of wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge drying method on the sewage sludge gasification gas parameters was performed. Gasification is a prospective alternative method of sludge thermal treatment. For the purpose of experimental investigations, a laboratory fixed bed gasifier installation was designed and built. Two types of sewage sludge feedstock, SS1 and SS2, were analyzed. Sewage sludge SS1 came from a wastewater treatment plant operating in the mechanical and biological system while sewage sludge SS2 was collected in a mechanical, biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous phosphorus precipitation. The sludge produced at the plants was subject to fermentation and then, after being dehydrated, dried in a cylindrical drier on shelves heated up to 260ºC (sewage sludge SS1) and using hot air at a temperature of 150ºC in a belt drier (sewage SS2). The analysis shows that the sewage sludge properties strongly depend on the wastewater sources and the wastewater treatment processes. The gasification results, presented as a function of the amount of gasification agent, show that the greater oxygen content of SS1 caused a reduction in the reaction temperature. Paradoxically, this effect caused an increase in the quantity of combustible components in the gas. As expected, increasing the air flow rate caused a decrease in the heating value of the gas produced. A higher amount of oxidizer increases the amounts of noncombustible species and the volumetric fraction of nitrogen, thus reducing the heating value of the obtained gas. The higher hydrogen content in SS1 affects the gasification gas composition. As a result, combustible components are the majority of the syngas.

14

Plasma methods of gasification and pyrolysis : organic containing substances for power generation

60%

Rutberg P. , Kumkova I.

|

2009

|

tom nr 162

27-31

EN

The problem of processing of organic containing substances, first of all wood, municipal and agricultural waste, and also coal, with the purpose of synthesis-gas production which can be used for powering of gas turbines and diesel engine-generators is very urgent, both from the point of view of renewed energy, generation and the environmental protection. The modern plasma methods applied at treatment of various kinds of organic containing waste and coals for renewed energy generation and liquid organic fuel are examined. The paper deals with the new calculation and experimental results confirming technical and economic feasibility of new plasma technologies.

15

Hydrogen generation from Ukrainian coals

60%

Dudnyk O.

|

2009

|

tom nr 162

63-68

EN

Synthesis gas and hydrogen are obtained from Ukrainian bituminous and brown coals at Fuel Cell Test to Tender Installation [1]. Facility for solid fuel conversion included steam generator, steam gasifier, synthesis gas cooler, shift reactor and reactor for CO2 absorption. Two research cycles - steam conversion of coal volatile and steam gasification of the obtained char - were carried out for determination of optimal conditions for conversion of each coal. The main purpose of the research was hydrogen generation from volatile and char, and also removal of CO2 from synthesis gas by lime directly in gasifier. The synthesis gas obtained as a result of char steam gasification with the use of lime is comparable by content with the synthesis gas obtained as a result of natural gas steam reforming. More than 50% of carbon was removed from the system of conversion of coal into hydrogen directly in gasifier.

16

Przegląd technologii zgazowania biopaliw stałych

60%

Bonder L. , Mirosz M.

|

2007

|

tom nr 11

10-15

PL

W opracowaniu omówiono krajowe i światowe instalacje zgazowania, które są jeszcze na etapie badań lub mają już zastosowanie komercyjne. Zgazowanie to konwersja, poprzez proces częściowego utleniania węgla zawartego w paliwie w gaz, którego głównymi składnikami są wodór i tlenek węgla. Gaz może być użyty jako paliwo, źródło wodoru lub materiał do produkcji w przemyśle petrochemicznym. Światowa moc gazogeneratorów wynosi obecnie ponad 50 000 MW mocy cieplnej (w tym ponad 12 000 MW ciepła i energii elektrycznej) i wzrasta o około 10% rocznie [2].

EN

National and world gasification plants, which are on research and commercial stage, are presented in this paper. Gasification is a process that converts, by partially oxidation, carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Gas can be used as fuel, source of hydrogen or materiał in production in petrochemical industry. The world power of gasification plants is over 50 000 MWt (in this over 12 000 MW produced for heat and power) and increase about 10% per year.

17

Zgazowanie odpadów z przesiewania kompostu

60%

Dreszer K. , Wasilewski R.

|

2008

|

tom nr 5

38-39

PL

Zgazowanie, poprzedzane często etapem odgazowania, stanowi zespół wielokierunkowych przemian termicznych i chemicznych. Zachodzą one w podwyższonej temperaturze, głównie między częścią organiczną substancji a czynnikami zgazowującymi (tlen, para wodna, lub CO2). Przemiany te prowadzą do wytworzenia gazu oraz pozostałości mineralnej w postaci popiołu.

18

Produkcja paliw silnikowych z węgla poprzez zgazowanie i syntezę Fischera-Tropscha

51%

Dreszer K. , Więcław-Solny L.

|

2007

|

tom T. 10, spec. 2

189-202

PL

W artykule omówiono technologie produkcji paliw silnikowych syntezą Fischera-Tropscha z gazu syntezowego ze zgazowania węgla. Przedstawione rozwiązanie technologii produkcji paliw silnikowych przyjęto dla warunków polskich (wybór technologii zgazowania węgla, parametry węgla przyjęte do obliczeń). Scharakteryzowano także stan rozwoju reaktorów do syntezy paliw silnikowych z gazu ze zgazowania węgla. Przedstawiono zarys koncepcji technologicznej produkcji paliw płynnych w skali przerobu około 6 mln ton/rok węgla dla warunków krajowych.

EN

The paper presents the technologies for liquid fuels production based on coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The presented technology was considered for the liquid fuel production in Polish conditions such as technology of coal gasification and the properties of coal. The state-of-the-art for coal gasification based liquid fuel production technology development was characterized. The outline of the process concept for liquid fuels production plant of 6 million tons of coal/a consumption for Polish conditions was presented and discussed.

19

Zgazowanie odpadów komunalnych

51%

Nikodem W.

|

2007

|

tom T. 10, spec. 2

305-316

PL

Frakcja biomasy biorozkładalnej oraz tworzyw sztucznych w odpadach komunalnych decyduje o możliwości spalania odpadów komunalnych. Spalanie to jest problematyczne w aspekcie środowiskowym i społecznym. Należy wybrać akceptowalne technologie spalania. W artykule uzasadniono celowość wyboru technologii zgazowania odpadów i spalania paliwa formowanego gazowego. Odniesiono się do kwestii wymagań prawnych, sprzeciwu społecznego, cech procesu spalania paliw jednorodnych oraz paliw z różnorodnej substancji występującej losowo. Poruszono aspekt energii odnawialnej, limitów emisji CO2. Przedstawiono technologię zgazowania oraz rezultaty techniczne, ekologiczne i ekonomiczne wyboru tej technologii. Wskazano, że wybór przedmiotowej technologii wynika z istoty fizykalnej procesu spalania a nie lobbingu firm przemysłowych.

EN

Fraction of bio-resoluble biomass and plastics in municipal solid wastes decides about possibility of incineration of municipal solid wastes. Such incineration is a problematic issue from natural environment and social point of view. Acceptable technologies of incineration should be selected. An article contains the justification of purposefulness of solid wastes gasification choice and formed gas fuel combustion. There are references to issues associated with legal requirements, collective opposition and objection, features of incineration process of homogeneous fuels and fuels composed of various substances. Renewable energy aspect is raised up in the article as well as carbon dioxide emission limits. Gasification technology is presented and technical, ecological and economic results of that technology are described. It is pointed out that selection of incineration technology results from physical features of combustion process not from lobbying of industrial enterprises.

20

Compensation of efficiency loss in pulverized coal boiler co-firing biomass derived low calorific gases

51%

Kalisz S.

|

2011

|

tom Nr 5

132-138

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of compensating the loss of efficiency for pulverized coal-fired boiler co-firing large thermal shares of low-calorific gas from gasification of biomass. Such co-firing always leads to a substantial loss of efficiency. In the case of pulverized coal boiler with a capacity of 230 t/h, co-firing of low-calorific gas (2000 kJ/m3n) at 40% of the boiler load, caused a decrease in efficiency of over 10% compared to coal-fired boiler. The study indicated the possibility of compensating the loss of efficiency through the modernization of the economizer and implementation of the developed heating surfaces, such as longitudinally finned and transverse finned tube banks. The analyzed modernization leads to permanent gain of efficiency by about 5%. In addition, an impact of a simple operating changes, such as reduction of tempering air flow before milling unit, to compensate for the loss of boiler efficiency is also described. Such control of tempering air may lead to the gain of efficiency at the level of 0.5%.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę możliwości kompensacji utraty sprawności kotła pyłowego opalanego węglem spowodowanej współspalaniem dużych udziałów termicznych gazów niskokalorycznych pocho-dzących ze zgazowania biomasy. Współspalanie takie zawsze prowadzi do znacznego ubytku sprawności. W analizowanym przypadku kotła pyłowego o wydajności parowej 230 t/h, współspalanie gazu niskokalorycznego (2000 kJ/m3n) z udziałem termicznym na poziomie 40 % mocy kotła, spowodowało spadek sprawności o ponad 10 p.% w stosunku do przypadku opalania kotła węglem. W pracy wskazano możliwości kompensacji utraty sprawności poprzez modernizację podgrzewacza wody (ECO) i zastosowanie powierzchni rozwiniętych, takich jak pęczki opłetwowane wzdłużnie lub poprzecznie. Modernizacja taka prowadzi do trwałej kompensacji utraty sprawności o ok. 5 %. Przedstawiono także wpływ prostych zmian o charakterze eksploatacyjnym na kompensację utraty sprawności kotła. Zmiany te, na przykład minimalizacja dossania powietrza do układu młynowego, mogą dla analizowanego kotła prowadzić do kompensacji utraty sprawności na poziomie 0,5 p.%.