Preliminary experimental investigations on soft X-ray lasers based on optical field ionization of gases with an ultrashort-pulse terawatt laser system are presented. Both recombination and collisional soft X-ray laser schemes have been studied. An elongated gas puff target formed by pulsed injection of a small amount of gas from a high-pressure electromagnetic valve through a nozzle in a form of a slit was used to create an X-ray laser active medium. The target was irradiated with laser pulses from a 20-fs, 50-mJ Ti:sapphire (Ti:S) laser system. Soft X-ray spectra from nitrogen, oxygen, and xenon targets are presented and discussed.
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In this work we present recent results on nanoscale imaging in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectral ranges, describing three novel imaging systems dedicated for high spatial resolution imaging of nanoscale objects with the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiations. The extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray full field microscopes operate at 13.8 nm and 2.88 nm wavelengths and are capable of imaging of nanostructures with a sub-50 nm spatial resolution. A soft X-ray contact microscope operates in the "water-window" spectral range from 2.3 to 4.4 nm wavelength, to obtain images of an internal structure of the investigated object in a thin surface layer of soft X-ray light sensitive photoresist. The development of such compact imaging systems may, in the near future, be important from the point of view of new research related to biological, material science, and nanotechnology applications. Such preliminary applications are also shown in the studies of biological samples, including carcinoma cells, diatoms, and neurons.
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