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1

Pomiar parametrów fali podmuchu jako sposób oceny zdolności do wykonania pracy przez produkty wybuchu górniczych materiałów wybuchowych

100%

Maranda A. , Sobala J. , Witkowski W. , Gołąbek B. , Zawadzka-Małota I. , Kasperski J.

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2007

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tom nr 9/1

67-69

PL

Opisano sposób pomiaru wybranych parametrów fali podmuchu generowanej detonacją górniczych materiałów wybuchowych. Na podstawie zmierzonej intensywności fali wyznaczono tzw. równoważnik trotylowy i heksoge-nowy badanych materiałów. Wskazano na zalety zastosowanej metody.

EN

The measurements of some blast wave parameters have been carried out. The blast wave was generated by detonation of emulsion mining explosives. Experimental results were used for calculating TNT and HX-equivalent. The advantages of the method have been presented.

2

Nowoczesne materiały wybuchowe : trzecia generacja

100%

Zygmunt B.

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2007

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tom [Z] 61, 11-12

913-935

EN

Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures which, under the influence of an external energetic stimulus of sufficient intensity, develop a rapid exothermic reaction generating large quantity of gas at very high pressure and temperature. Explosives are a chemical energy source of high power (quantity of energy released in a time unit) and high density (quantity of energy per unit of volume). From the application point of view, explosives are divided into blasting, propelling and initiating ones. Of these, blasting explosives are the most common and their production worldwide reaches many millions of tons a year. Detonation is the basic form of their explosive transformation. It can be started by a relatively intense energetic stimulus, for example by a disruptive or other detonator. The linear velocity of propagation of explosive's chemical decomposition during detonation (detonation velocity) reaches several thousand meters per second. During detonation of a blasting explosive, the pressure of detonation products reaches the level of several GPa for mining explosives and as much as 50 GPa for the most powerful military explosives. The detonation pressure value is the measure of an explosive's brisance. It is the brisance that is used to destroy (crush) the structure of a medium. Due to the fast development of mining industry, the demand for effective, safe and inexpensive mining explosives was growing. In the mid-fifties of the 20th century new types of blasting explo-sives appeared on the US market without typical explosive material as part of the composition. The materials were a mixture of ammonium nitrate as oxidant (base ingredient) and an organic or inorganic combustible ingredient. Within a short time, ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), a mixture of granulated ammonium nitrate and fuel oil characterized by a good flow handy in use, became the most widely used material. Nowadays, ANFO makes more than half of all explosives used in the mining industry worldwide. Simultaneously, another revolutionary innovation was introduced - substantial quantity of water, previously regarded as an ingredient that ruined the explosive properties of mixtures, was purposefully added to the explosive composition. The resulting slurry and emulsion explosives containing a saturated water solution of ammonium nitrate had a semi-liquid consistency, which made it possible to mechanise their manufacture and to load boreholes with explosives on the mining site. The author has specified new, safe varieties of explosives which do not contain typical explosive compounds, with ammonium nitrate as a predominant ingredient. They are named "third generation explosives", the first generation being black gunpowder used for a millennium as the versatile explosive and the second generation being explosive chemical compounds (mostly nitrocompounds, aromatic nitroamines and the esters of nitric acid(V) and aliphatic polyalcohols). In Poland, a research on new varieties of third generation explosives was started in the early 1970s at IPO (ammonium nitrate type) and at WAT (slurry and emulsion type). Based on the research, several modern versions of explosives were developed and brought into production to be used subsequently in the country's open and underground pits. The paper presents the basic historical developments in the field of mining explosives, from black gunpowder to modern safe materials devoid of explosive constituents. Based on the author's own research, the physical and chemical properties of third generation explosives have been characterized in depth, such as ANFO, slurries and emulsions. Particular attention has been paid to the physical structure of mixtures, which plays a key role in determining their explosive characteristics. Keywords: mining high explosives, history of development, explosive properties.

3

Nowoczesne materiały wybuchowe w górnictwie odkrywkowym

84%

Maranda A.

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2006

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tom R. 48, nr 3-4

143-152

PL

Artykuł prezentuje strukturę zużycia materiałów wybuchowych (MW), parametry detonacyjne oraz użytkowe saletroli i MW emulsyjnych, stosowanych w krajowym odkrywkowym przemyśle wydobywczym. Przedstawiono również stan zmechanizowania prac strzałowych. Zaprezentowano aktualne kierunki badań prowadzonych, w wysoko uprzemysłowionych krajach, w dziedzinie górniczych materiałów wybuchowych.

EN

The paper presents a structure of explosives (MW) consumption, parameters of detonation and saltpeter and emulsion explosive usage, applied in domestic extractive industry. The level of blasting works mechanization has been presented as well. Current directions of research conducted in highly industrialized countries in the field of mining explosives have been outlined in this paper.

4

Analiza pola wybuchu i określanie ładunków równoważnych dla górniczych materiałów wybuchowych

84%

Machowicz M. , Papliński A.

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2007

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tom nr 9/1

51-55

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę wzorów empirycznych określających pole wybuchu ładunków skondensowanych materiałów wybuchowych. Rozpatrzono wzory opisujące parametry fal nadciśnienia wytwarzanych w powietrzu przez ładunki trotylu, pentolitu i heksogenu. Przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą rozpatrywanych wzorów. W analizie uwzględniono wyniki numerycznej symulacji pola wybuchu oraz wyniki własnych badań eksperymentalnych. Wskazano na różnice występujące pomiędzy poszczególnymi formułami oraz niepełne określenie zakresu ważności poszczególnych wzorów. Zaproponowano metodę oceny siły wybuchu materiału wybuchowego poprzez ocenę parametrów wytwarzanej przez niego fali nadciśnienia. Przedstawiono rezultaty wyznaczenia wielkości ładunków równoważnych dla wybranych górniczych materiałów wybuchowych.

EN

An analysis of empirical formulae determining the blast filed of explosion of condensed explosives is performed. A comparative analysis with regard to results of numerical simulations as well as experimentally registered values of overpressure is performed. Some differences between particular formulas as well as incomplete specification of the range of validity are indicated. The method of estimation of the equivalent charge size upon the magnitude of overpressure wave is proposed. Some results of determination of equivalent charges for several mining explosives are presented.