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PL
W roku 2006 analizowano zasiedlenie ziarna pszenicy ozimej przez grzyby rodzaju Fusarium. Próby pobierano z roślin ze zdrową oraz porażoną podstawą źdźbła pszenicy, pochodzącej z czterech miejscowości. Zasiedlenie ziarna przez te gatunki było stosunkowo niskie i wahało się od 1 do 10%. Najczęściej reprezentowanym gatunkiem był F. poae, najrzadziej F. equiseti. W Minikowie i Sobiejuchach ziarno było zasiedlone przez nowy gatunek – Fusarium langsethiae. Jego obecność stwierdzono odpowiednio na 3,5 i 1% przebadanych ziarniaków. Na występowanie Fusarium spp. nie miało wpływu porażenie podstawy źdźbła, a zależało ono głownie od rejonu uprawy pszenicy.
EN
The settlement of winter wheat kernel samples collected in various regions by Fusarium spp. was analysed in 2006. The samples were taken in four regions, from plants with healthy and infected stem base of wheat. The intensity of Fusarium infestation was relatively low and ranged from 1 to 10%. Fusarium poae dominated, while F. equiseti were very rare. The occurrence of new Fusarium species – Fusarium langsethiae was stated on infected kernels of wheat. Its presence was confirmed in two places, and ranged from 1.0% at Sobiejuchy to 3.5% at Minikowo. The occurrence of particular species did not depend on infestation of stem base; it was mainly dependent on origin of the samples.
EN
In 2008 and 2009 the effect of two cultivation systems (conventional and ecological) on population of yeasts and mycelial fungi colonizing grain of two winter wheat cultivars (Bogatka and Legenda) was studied. In 2008 only grain of cv. Bogatka grown under the conventional system was colonized by significantly higher number of fungi than grain under the ecological system. In 2009 with frequent rainfall grain of both cultivars grown under the ecological system was colonized by a higher number of fungi as compared to the conventional system. In 2008 more isolates of Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides were obtained from grain grown under the conventional than under the ecological system, but in 2009 the opposite was generally true.
EN
Research on the possibilities of use of NC11 Neotyphodium coenophialum isolate as a biological control agent was conducted. The highest mycelium growth inhibition of Drechslera sp., Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium equiseti, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Microdochium nivale and F. avenaceum by endophyte isolate in dual culture assay was recorded at 30°C. The highest width of growth inhibition zone (5 mm) was detected for Drechslera sp. A significant effect of the endophyte presence on tall fescue infection by B. sorokiniana and F. avenaceum was stated in a pot experiment. Endophyte infected plants were healthier than E−. There was no effect of endophyte presence on tall fescue infection by Drechslera sp. and F. equiseti.
EN
The subject of the study was the analysis of fungal communities occurring in yellow iris phyllosphere and their effect on leaf healthiness. Fungi occurring on yellow iris caused various discolorations, spots and necroses which resulted in diminishing ornamental value of plants. From affected leaves of yellow iris following species of fungi were most often isolated: Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum purpurascens, Paecilomyces farinosus, Phoma medicaginis v. pinodella, Phoma pseudacori, Penicillium verrucosum v. corymbiferum, Phialophora cyclaminis, and Sordaria fimicola.
EN
Fungal diseases can cause high yield losses in winter wheat cultures if chemical protection is not applied. A skilful application of fungicides should prevent those losses and assure profit for a producer. The aim of conducted work was to assess harmfulness of particular pathogenic fungi being causal disease agent, calculating costs of protection and their profitability. Protection costs were in average 235 PLN/ha. The effect of fungicidal action was the yield increase: 2006 – 7.55 dt/ha = 416 PLN, 2007 – 7.60 dt/ha = 627 PLN, 2008 – 5.68 dt/ha = 307 PLN and 2009 – 11.84 dt/ha = 568 PLN. Treatments with fungicides were cost-effective each year. Profitability was related to the amount of grain yield increase and its cost in a given year amounted to: 55 PLN/dt in 2006, 82 PLN/dt in 2007, 54 PLN/dt in 2008 and 48 PLN/dt in 2009. Profit for a producer was in average: 2006 – 195 PLN/ha, 2007 – 396 PLN/ha, 2008 – 82 PLN/ha and 2009 – 306 PLN/ha. In plant protection, it is useful for producer to councel monitoring and up-to-date recommendations Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute concerning the need of protection against the important agrophages.
PL
Mikoryza arbuskularna jest najpowszechniejszym rodzajem mikoryzy. Występuje ona u ponad 80% roślin zielnych. Partnerem grzybowym w mikoryzie arbuskularnej są gatunki należące do gromady Glomeromycota. Mikoryza jest czynnikiem znacznie poprawiającym warunki bytowania roślin na terenach przekształconych przez człowieka. Celem badań było zbadanie statusu mikoryzowego wybranych roślin zielnych, spontanicznie zasiedlających zwał popłuczkowy w Piekarach Śląskich oraz określenie poziomu kolonizacji mikoryzowej gatunków mikoryzowych. Zwał od chwili utworzenia stanowił źródło skażenia gleb, wód powierzchniowych i gruntowych a w przypadku suchej i wietrznej pogody również emisji pyłu do powietrza atmosferycznego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że aż 90% przebadanych gatunków charakteryzowało się obecnością struktur typowych dla mikoryzy arbuskularnej. Po raz pierwszy podano status mikoryzowy dla pięciornika siedmiolistkowego, który okazał się być rośliną mikoryzową. Frekwencja mikoryzowa większości gatunków była wysoka i osiągała wartości od 60 do 100%. W przypadku 60% analizowanych gatunków roślin, więcej niż 20% kory pierwotnej korzenia było skolonizowane przez strzępki grzybów arbuskularnie mikoryzowych. Najwyższy stopień kolonizacji mikoryzowej w systemie korzeniowym obserwowano u Euphrasia rostkoviana oraz u Lotus comiculatus. Najwyższą obfitość arbuskul, stwierdzono u Euphrasia rostkoviana oraz u Lotus corniculatus i Festuca ovina. Z kolei u Deschampsia caespitosa obfitość arbuskul była wyjątkowo niska.
EN
Approximately 80% of plant species form mycorrhizal associations. Symbiotic endophytes were often suggested to improve plant establishment under extreme conditions. Therefore the aim of the present work was to study the mycorrhizal status of the selected herbaceous plants spontaneously established on heavy metal polluted wastes in Piekary Śląskie. The experiment was performed on the 80-years old heap originated from hydraulic enrichment process of lead/zinc ore. The study showed a high concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium in soil. Due to its location in the vicinity of human dwellings and agricultural areas, the site could be a source of elevated exposure to metals. Root samples collected in summer 2008 were stained according to the modified Phillips & Hayman [1970] method. The parameters of mycorrhizal development were evaluated microscopically and calculated in per cent values [Trouvelot et al. 1986]. The mycorrhizal status of investigated area was determined based on 18 species belonging to 14 plant families. AM structures were found in almost 90% of plant species. Except for Deschampsia caespitosa having relatively low AM freqency, the average frequencies of other plant species ranged from 60 to 100%. In 11 plant species, more than 20% of their root cortex was colonized by AM fungi. The arbuscule abundance exceeded 40% in Euphrasia rostkoviana and Lotus corniculatus roots. The present work confirms that arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis really functionied in the soil condition highly injurious for plants. AM-colonized plants have their own strategy for survival in the metal contaminated site.
PL
W wyniku analizy mikologicznej nasion krokosza zidentyfikowano 12 gatunków grzybów. Są wśród nich zarówno typowe saprobionty rodzajów Aspergillus i Penicillium, jak i potencjalne patogeny: Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani. W doświadczeniach in vitro z przebadanych gatunków grzybów najbardziej patogenicznymi okazały się: F. culmorum, A. alternata i B. cinerea, na niŜszym poziomie R. solani, a najsłabszym chorobotwórczo okazał się Stemphylium botryosum. W warunkach laboratoryjnych przetestowano 3 fungicydy w stosunku do najgroźniejszych patogenów A. alternata i F. culmorum. Ogólnie najskuteczniej hamował wzrost grzybni obu pasożytów preparat Zaprawa Funaben T, na średnim poziomie Dithane M-45 WP i najsłabiej Captan 50 WP.
EN
As a result of mycological analysis of the safflower seeds, 12 fungal species were identified. They included typical saprobiotic ones, namely Aspergillus and Penicillium, and pathogenic species Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Stemphylium botryosum. In in vitro study the following fungi were most pathogenic towards the safflower seedlings: F. culmorum, A. alternata and B. cinerea, whereas the least pathogenic were R. solani and Stemphylium botryosum. Under laboratory conditions A. alternata and F. culmorum were most effectively inhibited by Funaben T. while the Dithane M-45 WP was less effective. Captan suspension showed the poorest effect on tested fungi.
EN
Seeds of Abutilon theophrasti grown in Poland were colonized at least by 11 species of fungi. Alternaria alternata was the most common species. Its frequency in the fungal community amounted to 62%. Epicoccum nigrum and Aspergillus spp. were also common fungi on/in seeds, occurring usually with local or temporal peaks. Other fungi, including Fusarium, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorium and Trichothecium roseum occurred sporadically.
EN
The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of fungi on grain of winter spelt cultivated in Głubczyce (South of Poland) and in Winna Góra (West-Central Poland) with special attention on toxigenic species. Mycological analysis of grain healthiness was performed after 8 weeks post harvest. Additionally grain after grinding was analyzed for the presence of deoksynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) using HPLC. Among pathogenic species Fusarium avenaceum dominated whereas saprotrophic fungi were represented mainly by Alternaria alternata in the case of both locations. Based on the results of mycotoxin determination it was concluded that grain of winter spelt contained only trace amounts of trichothecenes.
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