Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Wodór - paliwo przyszłości

100%

Biernat K. , Samson-Bręk I. A.

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nr 1

331-344

EN

Hydrogen it one of most spread radical on earth, this gas has to become alternative due to so general occurrence for mineral fuels exactly chance. Low is unchallenged advantage of employment of hydrogen in car engines emission, then hydrogen is fuel ecological completely. On way to general employment of hydrogen biggest barrier stagnant as storage of this gas is fuel and high cost of its production.

2

Selected properties of alternative fuel manufactured from municipal solid waste

100%

Malinowski M.

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nr 2/IV

EN

Successive closing down of filled-up large municipal landfill sites or those which no longer fulfil the legal regulations, compel local governments and enterprises dealing with waste disposal, to undertake activities aimed at designing and construction of new waste management plants. One of these is a municipal solid waste sorting plant where the waste stream is divided into sub-screen and screen fraction. The screen fraction after removing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass and other impurities and crushing to an appropriate particle size constitutes an alternative fuel. The most frequently alternative fuel is manufactured from selectively collected plastics, rubber, textiles and waste paper. Alternative fuel is also manufactured from municipal solid waste in mechanical waste treatment plants. Municipal solid waste is characterized by a non-uniform morphological composition (depending on many factors), which may result in variable parameters of the manufactured fuel. If the waste fuel manufactured in this way and supplied to cement plants does not reach certain quality standards, its price is low, or the product is not accepted for energy recovery. The work presents results of analyses of selected properties of alternative fuels generated from solid municipal waste stream with regard to the type of communes from which the waste originated (urban commune area or rural communes). Statistical analysis was conducted using Bayesian Networks. As it results from the investigations, alternative fuel manufactured from municipal solid waste is characterized by high values of variation coefficient for such parameters as: ash content, moisture and calorific value. The content of carbon, sulphur and incineration heat revealed low values of variance coefficient. The analyses have demonstrated that technological values of alternative fuel do not depend on the administrative type of the communes where the waste used for their production was collected.

3

The quality assurance module for the fuel autoequipments details

100%

Pogonin A. A. , Chepchurov M. S. , Bezruchenko Y. V. , Chelyadinov D. V.

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tom z. 68 [231]

173-176

EN

Questions of the organization of the accuracy and a roughness control of details surface of the autofuel equipment are considered in the publication. Requirements to the equipment which is carrying out the control of these operation factors are generated.

4

Wpływ rodzaju paliwa na wartość wskaźnika energii pierwotnej w budynkach mieszkalnych jednorodzinnych

100%

Borowska J. , Kulczewska S.

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tom nr 4

3--8

EN

Each building can be characterized with an energetic quality which is described by energetic indexes. Heat transfer coefficients U for building envelope and woodwork is the basis to count them. Both earlier mentioned coefficients and indexes shouldn’t exceed maximum legitimate value, which are determined in the specification (Regulation issued by the Minister of Transportation, Construction and Water Management from 5 July 2013 changing the concerning technical requirements, with which buildings and their location should comply (Journal of Laws, No. 2013, item 926 and further amendment). The present requirements say that new-designed building should have EP’s index on the maximum level 120 kWh/m2 ⋅year. This article shows the results of calculations of residential building requirement for heat energy consumption in three variants of used fuels: carbon, gas and biomass. The calculations were done in Arcadia TERMO programme. Authors verified the results of calculations in relation to WT 2014, WT2017 and WT2021 requirements and offered the way to bring the value of EP’s index down.

5

Ekologičeskie i teplotechničeskie charakteristiki otopitel'nych kotlov s topkami kipjaščego sloja

100%

Red'ko A. , Red'ko I. , Red'ko A.

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tom Vol. 315, z. 56

555-564

EN

Experimental data on burning and heat exchange in boilers with boiling layer are given. Actions (integration of small fractions of fuel, pulse modes of burning, step submission of air) on increase ecological and heat characteristics of boilers are investigated.

6

The Limitation Of Use Of Biocomponents In The Form Of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Based On Analysis Of Elected Turbine Fuel Properties

100%

Dzięgielewski W.

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tom Vol. 4, no 2

41-47

EN

This paper describes part of results of research work consisting in testing the possibility to use biocomponents in fuels for turbine engines. Because of some similarity and availability as well as that this is the first stage of work, the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) (from rapeseed oils) were used as the basis biocomponent. Up till now, this ester was used as component of fuel for compression engines. There is no proved information on other use of FAME. The aim of research work is to show possibilities or rather restrictions and risk in case of new application. Some behaviour of biofuels or biocomponents are known. The common virtue is perfect lubricity, and the flaw is chemical and thermal stability. But, these are not only parameters we should notice analysing the applicability. This paper also tries to show other properties, that could restrict the use. It presents biofuels laboratory test results and points the expected problems in case of practical use of such mixtures. The results would be base to engine bench testing.

7

Engine fuel characterisation through ultraviolet absorption spectra

100%

Baszanowska E. , Otremba Z.

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tom Vol. 24, No. 3

15--19

EN

In the article, light absorption properties of the fuel oil are considered with a view to create basis for establish optical indicator of the type and quality of this kind of crude oil derivative, in this case the Diesel fuel. The organic solvent – n-hexane – was chosen as a solvent to prepare samples of dilutions of Diesel fuel in several oil concentration. Spectrophotometer Aqualog Horiba were applied to record the absorbance spectra in the ultraviolet and visual range of the light (from 240 to 600 nm) for each previously prepared samples. Obtained results allow concluding that the changes of absorbance occur primarily in the wavelength range from 240 nm to 355 nm. Moreover, the absorbance spectra are characterized by the characteristic sharp peak located at 270 nm for excitation wavelength. Spectra of absorbance were converted to spectra of absorption coefficient based on Lambert-Beer law. Due to the independence the absorption coefficient from the fuel concentration, this parameter could be used as a potential indicator to access composition and quality Diesel fuel used in the diesel engine system. Therefore, preliminary tests allow concluding that absorption coefficient for selected wavelength located at 270 nm could be a sensitive indicator for quick access to fuel quality.

8

Zalety gazu ziemnego jako paliwa

100%

Steczko K. , Rachwalski J.

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tom Nr 4

145-150

EN

Use of natural gases, their characteristics and quality assessment. Natural gas as fuel - quality control and usage safety.

9

Gaz ziemny jako jedno z paliw motoryzacyjnych przyszłości

100%

Warowny W. , Sas J.

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tom R. 20/1

219-227

PL

W pracy przedstawiono informacje dotyczące stosowania gazu ziemnego w postaci sprężonej (CNG) do napędu pojazdów. Gaz ziemny na obecnym etapie rozwoju motoryzacyjnego rynku paliwowego wyróżnia się jako paliwo ekologiczne, tanie i jedno z najbezpieczniejszych w użytkowaniu. Dotychczasowa analiza stosowania technologii NGV opartej na CNG potwierdza opanowanie problemów eksploatacyjnych oraz konkurencyjność nowych rozwiązań technicznych, zarazem będących w dalszym ciągłym rozwoju. Analiza ekonomiczna uwzględniająca różne uwarunkowania, takie jak ochrona środowiska i bezpieczeństwo, gwarantuje opłacalność stosowania technologii NGV. W pracy zwrócono szczególną uwagę na najważniejsze normy odnoszące się do osprzętu i urządzeń dla stosowania technologii NGV opartej na CNG oraz wskazano potencjalne źródła wspomagania finansowego z funduszy krajowych i unijnych.

EN

The paper is devoted to the applicability of compressed natural gas for driving vehicles. In the present situation, natural gas is conceived to be an ecological, cheap and one of the safest fuels available. The so far analysis of the use of CNG in NGV technology confirms the competitiveness of new solutions and applicability to various challenging situations. The economic analysis proves the usability of CNG in view of environmental protection, safety and CGV profitability. Attention is paid to the newest standards for the CNG-based NGV technology equipment and devices. Sources of Polish and EU financial support are indicated.

10

The latest technology for obtaining composite biofuel and fertilizers

88%

Sniezhkin Y. , Petrova Z. , Paziuk V. , Petrov A. , Novikova Y.

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tom Vol. 6, nr 1

41--50

EN

One of the main problems of the modern world is the search for and supply of renewable energy resources that could compete with oil and natural gas. In recent years, the world is entering the era of biotechnology, which uses renewable raw materials to produce energy and materials. One of the sources of alternative types of fuel is peat, which is the cheapest type of fuel for the population, raw material for nutritious soils and organic-mineral fertilizers. The purpose of the work is to create the latest technology for obtaining composite fuel and fertilizers. The article examines the study of drying kinetics on a convective drying stand with an automatic system for collecting experimental data and their processing. The optimal modes of drying the composite mixture based on the solid residue of peat after the extraction of the humic component with crushed corn residues have been determined. According to the methods, the kinetics of heat-moisture exchange during drying of the composite mixture was calculated and it was determined that the generalized drying curves of the composite mixture coincide with the obtained experimental curves. The technology for obtaining humic substances and biofuel from peat and nutritious corn residues has been developed. Biofuel obtained by the technology on the basis of solid residue after extraction of humic substances from peat and nutritious residues of corn meets the standards of quality fuel and is 12.3 MJ/kg.

11

Analysis of the Possibility of Using Neural Networks to Monitor the Technical Efficiency of Diesel Engines During Operation

88%

Tucki K. , Orynycz O. , Świć A. , Wasiak A. , Mruk R. , Gola A.

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tom Vol. 17, no 6

1--15

EN

The aim of the research was to analyse the possibility of using neural networks to determine the parameters of the chemical composition of exhaust gases as a function of engine performance parameters obtained from the on-board diagnostics system such as crankshaft speed and engine load index. The subject of the study was a Fiat Panda car equipped with a 1.3 Multijet diesel engine and powered by pure diesel. The tests used the MAHA MET 6.3 exhaust gas analyser and the on-board diagnostics system OBD II. The obtained values of NOx,O2,CO2 and PM measured behind the DPF were analysed. For the purpose of building a neural network model, preliminary studies were carried out in non-urban traffic (high-speed route). Based on the data obtained, processes of learning neural network structures with approximate properties with backward propagation of errors were carried out. Subsequently, tests were carried out on the operational parameters of the vehicle and the chemical composition of exhaust gases in urban traffic. Analysis of the obtained values of the average parameters obtained during the measurement and obtained on the basis of the prepared neural models allows to determine the relative differences at the level of not more than 10 percent.

12

Method of preliminary evaluation of biocomponents influence on the process of biofuels combustion in aviation turbine engines

88%

Kaźmierczak U. , Kulczycki A.

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tom Vol. 24, No. 4

83--90

EN

The aim of this article is presentation of the new method of preliminary evaluation of biocomponents influence on the process of biofuels combustion in aviation turbine engines. This method is based on the tests of evaluated biofuels on engine stand MiniJetRig equipped with small turbine engine. The idea of this new method is to compare the combustion process of evaluated biofuel with the combustion of reference fuels. The reference fuel used in presented research was mineral Jet A1. Two compositions of pure hydrocarbons were blended with Jet A1 fuel and tested using MiniJetRig. The main criterion of combustion process assessment was CO concentration in exhaust gases. As the final criterion of evaluated biofuel the ΔCO = [COWx – COJet] was adopted, where COWx – the concentration of CO in exhaust gases emitted during combustion of evaluated fuel and COJet – the concentration of CO in exhaust gases emitted during combustion of Jet A1 fuel. This method was preliminary verified using HEFA biofuel previously accepted for aviation application. The obtained results qualify this biofuel as similar to Jet A1 ones – the DCO was within limits –30 – +20. The presented method needs further research, using much more evaluated fuels, to confirm their usefulness for laboratory pre-selection of new biofuels.

13

Ocena podstawowych właściwości paliwowych odpadów remontowo-budowlanych z sektora komunalnego

88%

Czop M. , Kajda-Szcześniak M.

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tom Tom 15, cz. 2

1426--1440

EN

The article presents a research issue related to the use as fuels of selected renovation and construction wastes from the municipal wastes. Production of fuels from wastes implies many positive aspects manifested in the decrease of the stream of wastes directed to landfills, increase of the level of wastes recovery, decrease of emission of greenhouse gases, saving of natural fuels and financial profit consisting on lower prices of fuels from wastes in comparison to the prices of fossil fuels. The article collects and discusses results of my own tests of basic fueling properties such as: moisture content, ash content, content of flammable elements, content of volatile substances, temperature of ignition, calorific value and content of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Hg). Tests covered selected renovation and construction wastes separated from the stream of municipal wastes, i.e. polymer wastes in the form of wall panels, water pipes, heating pipes made of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride as well as wastes from the construction carpentry in the form of two types of door wings and two types of floor panels of various abrasibility grade. Analysed wastes are a precious source of energy thanks to their properties. Test results achieved help decide preliminarily whether the wastes may be used for the production of fuels or not. At the same time they set a base to plan further analysis to determine their optimal transformation.

14

Uninterruptible power supply with fuel cell module

88%

Bujło P. , Paściak G. , Chmielowiec J. , Perz J. , Wolski L. , Wójtowicz A.

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2006

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tom Vol. 43, nr 17

84-99

PL

Celem pracy był dobór komponentów bezprzewodowego zasilacza awaryjnego z ogniwem paliwowym. Głównymi elementem przedstawionego zasilacza awaryjnego są odpowiednio dobrany stos ogniw paliwowych o mocy 500 W oraz zbiornik magazynujący paliwo gazowe - wodór. W skład konstrukcji wchodzi również układ zasilający ogniwo paliwowe w gazy reakcyjne oraz układ sterujący urządzeniem wraz z przetwornicą DC/AC. Dokument zawiera wyniki pomiarów charakterystyk zastosowanego stosu ogniw paliwowych dla optymalnych warunków pracy. Zaprezentowane zostały również wyniki pomiarów odpowiedzi ogniwa na zmieniające się obciążenie oraz wyniki pomiarów charakterystyk zastosowanej przetwornicy DC\AC w warunkach jej pracy pod obciążeniem.

15

Using sorbents for oil spill clean-up in ports and coastal areas

88%

Kończewicz W. , Polasz S. , Rogowska K.

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tom Vol. 26, No. 4

113--117

EN

Petroleum substances are a mixture of many hydrocarbons of various structures; some of them are toxic for marine organisms. In case of pollution of the aquatic environment, these compounds may enter seawater organisms and adversely affect gas exchange and inhibit photosynthesis. Therefore, it is important to take measures to reduce the emissions of these compounds into the aquatic environment and quickly to remove possible spills of uncontrolled pollution. Sorbents are materials that soak up oil from water. They are best suited for the absorption of oil – derived substances. They are used to absorb leaks in open and closed tanks, particularly in hard – to-reach places. Sorbents can be natural organic, natural inorganic or synthetic. Natural sorbents are divided to organic materials such as peat moss or wood products, and inorganic materials such as vermiculite or clay. Sorbents are available in a loose form, which includes granules, powder, chunks and cubes. Synthetic sorbents are used to wipe other oil spill recovery equipment such as skimmers and booms after a spill clean-up operation. The thesis deals with the issues related to the analysis of the possibility of using sorbents to combat oil pollution in port and coastal areas. The article discusses the types of pollution occurring in coastal waters, as well as the types of sorbents used and the forces and measures to combat pollution. The characteristic features of sorbents are rate of absorption and adsorption, oil retention and ease of application. Absorption tests were carried out and the best sorbents for combating oil pollution were selected.

16

Ocena wpływu zawartości etanolu w benzynach silnikowych na emisję nie-metanowych lotnych związków organicznych z pojazdów transportowych

75%

Ślęzak M. , Gis W. , Kruczyński P.

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tom T. 95, nr 5

1029--1031

PL

Podano obecne wymagania na lotność benzyny w okresie letnim, przejściowym i zimowym. W literaturze podaje się, że zwiększenie prężności par benzyny spowodowane dodatkiem etanolu w ilości 4,7 oraz 9,7% wpływa na emisję NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds) w teście SHED (sealed house for evaporative determination). Na podstawie analizy literatury stwierdzono, że dodatek etanolu w ilości ok. 10% (benzyna E10) nie powoduje przekroczenia dopuszczalnych granic emisji par paliwa w teście SHED.

EN

A review, with 14 refs., of EU requirements for gasoline volatility and result of studies on Et-contg. gasoline vapor emission.

17

Analiza wyników badań procesu oczyszczania oleju napędowego w filtrach z przegrodami porowatymi

75%

Siuta T.

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1998

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tom T. 1, nr 1

73-84

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań procesu oczyszczania paliwa do silnika wysokoprężnego w filtrach z przegrodami porowatymi. Badania te, zrealizowane przez wielu autorów, zostały ujęte w odpowiednie zależności matematyczne. Dokonano analizy tych zależności pod kątem wyróżnienia czynników istotnych dla efektywności procesu oczyszczania paliwa. Czynniki te podzielono na grupy odnoszące się do: 1) własności czystej przegrody filtracyjnej, 2) samych zanieczyszczeń filtrowanej cieczy, 3) własności osadu tworzącego się na przegrodzie filtracyjnej, 4) warunków przepływu. W podsumowaniu stwierdzono, iż rozpoznawanie wpływu tych czynników może przyczyniać się do doskonalenia matematycznego opisu procesu filtrowania paliwa do silników wysokoprężnych.

EN

In the paper mathematical description of diesel fuel process filtering with different parameters, which are important for quality of filtering, has been discussed. In order to introduce concept of efficiency with mathematical formulae for initial phase, continuous phase and final phase and speed of fuel flow across of filter barrier, decreasing pressure behind barrier filter, mathematical formulae have been described. Mathematical analysis has been carried out for different parameters, which are important for efficiency of fuel filtering process. Parameters have been devided into groups: 1) properties of filter barrier, 2) for fuel impurities, 3) for deposit properties of filter barriers, 4) for fuel flow conditions through filter barrier. It has been stated, that recognition improve of influence of this parameters can recognition mathematical description of fuel filtering processes.

18

Synthesis of nano Mn-Zn ferrites by gel combustion method with three different fuels and investigation of their structure and properties

75%

Vahdati N. , Sedghi A.

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tom Vol. 38, No. 2

350--358

EN

The purpose of studying the properties of zinc-manganese nanoferrite was to compare organic fuels that were produced in conditions created by the auto gel combustion method, using citric acid, glycine, and urea with different pH values: (citric acid = 6, glycine = 3 and urea = 0). The samples were prepared in stoichiometric ratios to gain Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, and all the samples were calcined in the same condition (500 °C and 30 minutes). It should be noted that the entire process of synthesis was photographed to analyze the effect of fuels during the combustion process. Combustion reactions were studied by simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), also the Rietveld method was used to determine the type and amount of crystalline phases. Magnetic properties of the samples were measured by vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), and their morphology and powder agglomeration was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Superior magnetic properties of the sample synthesized with glycine were achieved. Urea gave the smallest particle size, while citric acid produced intermediate properties.

19

Biogaz jako alternatywny nośnik energii

75%

Podeszwa E. , Biernat K.

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tom 12

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nr 2

137-156

EN

The advantages of biogas, apart from being just an alternative energy source, are its various possibilities of conversion. Chemical energy can be converted into biogas for heat, electricity and chemical energy of other compounds. Therefore, there are numerous opportunities for using energy from biogas. Some of them are used in stationary installations. Another application is as a fuel for vehicle engines by burning biomethane.

20

Ocena parametrów użytkowych wtryskiwaczy piezoelektrycznych na podstawie badań wizualizacyjnych procesu rozpylania paliwa

75%

Mazanek A.

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tom R. 72, nr 4

279--284

PL

W artykule zamieszczono informacje dotyczące oceny parametrów użytkowych wtryskiwaczy piezoelektrycznych na podstawie badań wizualizacyjnych związanych z kształtowaniem i oceną wtrysku oraz z rozpyleniem paliwa. Stosując optyczne metody analizy, określono wskaźniki geometryczne powstającej strugi wtryskiwanego paliwa, takie jak: zasięg strugi, jej obszar i prędkość. Badania wykonano, wykorzystując ośmiootworkowe wtryskiwacze piezoelektryczne Delphi: nowe – o przebiegu eksploatacyjnym zerowym i wtryskiwacze używane – przebieg eksploatacyjny 80 tys. km. Przedmiotowe wtryskiwacze piezoelektryczne w okresie eksploatacji zasilane były dwoma paliwami: A i B.

EN

The article contains information on the evaluation of operating parameters of piezoelectric injectors, on the basis of fuel atomization process visualization. The issues related to the evolution and evaluation of fuel injection and atomization were discussed. Implementing optical methods of analysis, geometric ratios of the resulting fuel stream injected, such as range, area and speed, were determined. The studies were accomplished with the use of Delphi’s piezoelectric injectors: new – with zero operating mileage and used injectors – with operating mileage of 80 thousand km. These piezoelectric injectors were fed with two fuels A and B.