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EN
Bird bone remains consisting of 2477 skeletal fragments belonging to at least 488 bird individuals of 116 taxa are described, the great majority of them identified to the species level. They are characteristic of various habitats and all European climatic zones. They accumulated in the Late Glacial period of the Vistulian and the Holocene. 11 bird taxa have not been recorded from Poland as fossils.
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EN
We describe a new avian taxon (Sanshuiornis zhangi gen. et sp. nov.) from Middle Eocene black oil shales in the Huayong Formation of Guangdong Province, south China. The specimen consists of a distal tibiotarsus and a complete foot with tarsometatarsus and pedal digits in articulation. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis does not resolve the affinities of the fossil, but the bones show resemblances to some “ciconiiform” birds. The peculiar hypotarsus morphology, which is block−like and exhibits four cristae, resembles that of the early Eocene Rhynchaeites, which is a stem group representative of the Threskiornithidae. The new Chinese fossil has, however, proportionally longer legs than Rhynchaeites and its phylogenetic affinities probably cannot be resolved without further material.
EN
Fluvioviridavis platyrhamphus, a new genus and species of short-legged landbirds from the Lower Eocene Green fiver Formation (Wyoming, USA) is described. The taxon is known from a single, nearly complete and slightly dissociated skeleton which was made the paratype of the putative oilbird Prefica nivea Olson, 1987 (Steatornithidae, Caprimulgiformes). Apart from the greatly abbreviated tarsometatarsus, Fluvioviridavis especially corresponds to recent oilbirds in the unusually wide proximal end of the humerus. However, in other features, e.g., the shape of its much longer beak, the Eocene taxon is clearly distinguished from the recent oilbird (Steatornis). In contrast, Prefica nivea agrees with Steatornis in the shape of the mandible but differs in the much narrower proximal end of the humerus. At present, no derived character convincingly supports a classification of F. platyrhamphus into any of the higher avian taxa. The species is here classified 'order and family incertae sedis'. An isolated skull from the Middle Eocene of Messel (Hessen, Germany) is tentatively assigned to ?Fluvioviridavis sp., and associated bones from the Lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, England) might also be related to the genus Fluvioviridavis.
PL
W pracy opisano nowy rodzaj i gatunek krótkonogiego ptaka lądowego nazwanego Fluvioviridavis platyrhamphus, z wczesnoeoceńskiej formacji Green River (Wyoming, USA). Takson ten jest znany z jednego prawie kompletnego i nieco rozproszonego szkieletu, ustanowionego jako paratyp domniemanego kopalnego tłuszczaka Prefica nivea Olson, 1987 (Steatornithidae, Caprimulgiformes). Oprócz silnie skróconych kości skoku, Fluvioviridavis nawiązuje do współczesnych tłuszczaków bardzo szeroką nasadą kości ramiennej. Jednak pod innymi względami, np. kształtem znacznie bardziej wydłużonego dzioba, eoceński takson wyraźnie różni się od współczesnego tłuszczaka (Steatornis), natomiast Prefica nivea ma kształt szczęki podobny jak Steatornis, ale różni się odeń o wyraźnie węższą nasadą kości ramiennej. Obecnie nie można wskazać żadnej apomorfii przekonująco wiążącej F. platyrhamphus z jakimkolwiek taksonem wyższej rangi, toteż rodzaj i gatunek ten uznano w niniejszej pracy za reprezentujący ,,rodzinę i rząd incertae sedis". Pojedyncza czaszka ze środkowego eocenu Messel (Hesja, Niemcy) została prowizorycznie zaliczona do ?Fluvioviridavis sp.; do rodzaju Fluvioviridavis mogą też należeć kości z wczesnoeoceńskich iłów londyńskich (London Clay) z Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, Anglia).
EN
Located on the eastern margin of Eurasia, the Japanese Archipelago hosts a unique modern fauna of terrestrial vertebrates including landbirds which show a high proportion of endemic species/subspecies. Despite its potential importance in taxonomy and biogeography, the Pleistocene landbird fossil record has been scarce on Japanese islands, providing little information on the history of the unique fauna in the region. In this study, fossil remains of non-passeriform landbirds from the Middle–Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stages [MIS] 9 and 5e) of Shiriya, northernmost Honshu Island, Japan, are revised with extensive osteological comparisons. As a result, the presence of at least six non-passeriform landbird species, represented by 71 specimens, was confirmed: Syrmaticus sp., Coturnicini gen. et sp. indet., Columbidae gen. et sp. indet., Apus sp., Haliaeetus sp., and Accipitridae gen. et sp. indet. The Shiriya paleoavifauna is the first substantial Pleistocene landbird fauna reported from the central Japanese islands so far, and suggests that the overall landbird fauna in northern Honshu in the last interglacial period (MIS 5e) was not drastically different from the present one, in contrast to the presence of several extinct land mammals and seabirds in the local fauna. The occurrence of Syrmaticus despite the supposedly colder climate in that time than today suggests that the distribution of modern S. soemmerringii might not be totally defined by climatic factors, but probably affected by a biogeographic barrier at the strait between Honshu and Hokkaido islands.
EN
The early/middle Eocene Palaeotis weigelti is a flightless bird, which occurs in the fossil localities Messel and Geiseltal (Germany). The species is assigned to the Palaeognathae and some authors considered it to be a stem group representative of the Struthionidae (ostriches). Even though several partial skeletons have been found, the osteology of P. weigelti is incompletely known. In the present study, new details of the hindlimb morphology of the species are reported based on unpublished and previously described fossils from the Geiseltal. These data show that the recently described Galligeranoides boriensis from the early Eocene of southern France is another representative of the Palaeotididae and the oldest record of the taxon. It is further noted that Palaeogrus princeps from the middle Eocene of Italy, which was previously assigned to the Gruidae (cranes), may be another representative of the Palaeotididae. Galligeranoides was before assigned to the North American Geranoididae, a taxon mainly known from hindlimb elements. The Geranoididae are usually considered to be closely related to the Asian Eogruidae and both taxa are currently classified in the Gruiformes (cranes and allies). However, as detailed in the present study, derived similarities suggest close affinities between the Palaeotididae and Geranoididae. Eogruids were identified as stem group representatives of the palaeognathous Struthionidae by some earlier authors, and if close affinities between Palaeotididae and Geranoididae are corroborated in future analyses, palaeognathous affinities of the Eogruidae need to be critically revisited.
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