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Food security in new European Union member states – a systematic literature review approach

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Poczta-Wajda A. , Sapa A.

tom 23

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The structure of macrozoobenthic communities as an environmental status indicator in the Gulf of Gdansk (the Outer Puck Bay)

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Warzocha J. , Gromisz S. , Wodzinowski T. , Szymanek L.

tom 60

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Influence of low temperatures on behaviour of mallards [Anas platyrhynchos L.]

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Meissner W. , Markowska K.

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799-803

Periods of severe winter weather are associated with increased food consumption and metabolic rates. Depending on food availability birds could use different strategies to maintain homeostasis. Mallards Anas platyrhynchos L. numerously winter in urban parks, where people feed waterfowl bread. This food source is easily digestible and provides a high energy, which may affect bird behaviour. Studies were conducted in two consecutive winters in the Gdańsk-Oliwa city park in northern Poland, a place where people feed mallards, bread daily. During the period of lowest temperatures (about -12°C) females spent only 6% of their time foraging, while males spent 17% foraging. During mild winter weather (mean temperature about -2°C) foraging took up 21% of time budget in both sexes. In the colder period a three fold increase in male agonistic behaviour was observed when compared to the mild period observations. Females spent the most of harsh winter period inactive, apparently relaying on accumulated energetic reserves. Males cannot reduce all activities like females, because pairing in mallards takes place mainly in autumn and early winter and males need to attract actively, display for, and defend mates.

Food habits of Orii’s flying-fox, Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus, in relation to food availability in an urban area of Okinawa-jima Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

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Nakamoto A. , Kinjo K. , Izawa M.

nr 1

The diet of the Orii's flying-fox, Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus, a subspecies of the Ryukyu flying-fox, was investigated on Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. The Orii's flying-fox is a generalist forager that feeds on 78 plant species from 62 genera and 43 families. They consume fruits of 53 species, flowers of 20 species, and leaves of 18 species. Cultivated or naturalized plants composed almost half of the diet. Diversity in the diet may be an adaptation to unstable food conditions on this small subtropical island. The number of individual Orii's flying-foxes fluctuated greatly corresponding to monthly changes in food availability, especially that of Ficus microcarpa, which was the animal's main food resource throughout the year. Orii's flying-foxes may adapt to an urban environment by intensively using areas with abundant planted trees.

Spatial distribution and movement of young fishes in relation to food availability in a reservoir on the Rositsa river

51%

Mikheev V. N. , Pavlov D. S.

tom 40

nr 1

Influence of food availability and reproductive status on the diet and body condition of the European lynx in Finland

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Pulliainen E. , Lindgren E. , Tunkkari P. S.

nr 2

The carcasses of the 497 European lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) killed in two areas in Finland in the 1980s were sexed, the nutritional status and diet of the lynx determined and the breeding stage of the females checked. There was no significant deviation in the sex ratio from 50:50 in any often hunting seasons. Fifty-three percent of the females over 1 year of age had given birth the previous spring, the mean litter size from the last pregnancy being 2.33 ± 0.73 (x ± SD, n = 82). In E Finland 86.2% of the winter diet consisted of hares, whereas in SW Finland the lynx consumed hares and white-tailed deer equally. There was no difference in diet between the sexes or age categories in E Finland, but in the white-tailed deer area of SW Finland the male lynx consumed more deer and hares less frequently than the females (p < 0.05). The lynx in SW Finland were on average, in a much better nutritional condition than those of E Finland. The male lynx in both areas had gained more depot fat than the females, on average a difference arising primarily from the smaller amount of fat in the female lynx which had given birth the previous spring. There were positive correlations in E Finland in all the age and sex categories between hare density and mesentery-omentum fat whereas snow depth produced negative correlation coefficients with the mesentery-omentum fat showing a significance of 90% in the adult females.