Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Extraordinary optical transmission and vortex excitation by periodic arrays of Fresnel zone plates

100%

Roszkiewicz A. , Nasalski W.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2013

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tom Vol. 61, nr 4

855--861

EN

Extraordinary optical transmission and good focusing properties of a two-dimensional scattering structure is presented. The structure is made of Fresnel zone plates periodically arranged along two orthogonal directions. Each plate consists of two ring-shaped waveguides supporting modes that match the symmetry of a circularly polarized incident plane wave. High field concentration at the focal plane is obtained with the short transverse and long longitudinal foci diameters. Optical vortex excitation in a paraxial region of the transmitted field is also observed and analysed in terms of cross-polarisation coupling. The structure presented may appear useful in visualization, trapping and precise manipulations of nanoparticles.

2

Les pronoms démonstratifs neutres du français devant les subordonnées de type relatif

100%

Muller C.

Neophilologica

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2023

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tom 35

1-28

EN

This work deals with the construction of relatives and cleft clauses that follow a demonstrative pronoun in French. It examines their mode of acquisition of meaning and reference, either by referential increase obtained by predicative interactions and lexical meaning, or by the process of focusing on a referent in the situation or context. We show that the original pronoun ce is no longer demonstrative in all these structures, and how the various demonstratives are used in actual French in those contexts.

FR

Ce travail examine le fonctionnement des pronoms démonstratifs neutres du français devant les subordinnées de type relatif. Il montre les différences de comportement de ce par rapport aux formes cela, ceci, ça , en détaillant les modes d'acquisition du sens et de la référence de ces termes, et établit que ce est un pronom défini non démonstratif, avec des évolutions dans les usages.

3

Tělesné pocity a duševní obrana. Upřesnění Gendlinova pojmu pociťovaný smysl

89%

Puc J.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

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2020

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tom 64

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nr 2

129-142

EN

The paper aims to define the concept of “felt sense”, introduced in psychology and psychotherapy by E. T. Gendlin, in order to clarify its relation to bodily sensations and its difference from emotions. Gendlin’s own definition, according to which the felt sense is a conceptually vague bodily feeling with implicit meaning, is too general for this task. Gendlin’s definition is specified by pointing out, first, the different layers of awareness of bodily feelings and, second, the difference between bodily readiness for action and motivation for action. According to the more precise definition, the felt sense is the awareness of readiness to act carried by the configuration of bodily sensations. The felt sense differs from emotions because it is not able to motivate the action for which it makes us ready. The article also discusses the intuition that led to the founding of Gendlin’s psychotherapeutic technique and compares it with the psychoanalytic concept of working through resistance during therapy.

CS

Cílem článku je vymezit pojem „pociťovaný smysl“, který do psychologie a psychoterapie zavedl E. T. Gendlin, tak aby se objasnil jeho vztah k tělesným počitkům a jeho odlišnost od emocí. Gendlinova vlastní definice, podle níž je pociťovaný smysl pojmově vágním tělesným pocitem s implicitním významem, je pro tento úkol příliš obecná. Gendlinova definice je v článku upřesněna poukazem jednak na různé vrstvy vědomí tělesných pocitů, jednak na rozdíl mezi tělesnou přípravou k jednání a motivací k jednání. Podle upřesněné definice je pociťovaný smysl vědomím připravenosti k jednání nesené konfigurací tělesných počitků. Proti emocím se liší tím, že jednání, na které připravuje, není schopen sám motivovat. Článek též rozebírá intuici, která vedla Gendlina k založení vlastní psychoterapeutické techniky, a srovnává ji s psychoanalytickým pojetím propracování odporu během terapie.

4

FOCUSING EFFECTS IN THE MEMORY REPRESENTATION OF HUNGARIAN SENTENCES

75%

Pléh C. , Sinkovics B.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

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2011

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tom 66

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nr 2

321-333

EN

In two acoustic sentence recognition experiments the relative importance of recognition times (from 0 to 40 seconds) and relationships between the target sentence and test sentences was varied. Hungarian promised to be a good testing ground for traditional theories that claim that while form is readily forgotten, sentence meaning is preserved. In Hungarian, the informational structure of sentences allows for clear contrasts between neutral and meaning related order variations. In the stimulus material target sentences were compared in recognition scores with identical, neutral word order, paraphrased and focused sentence pairs. The results partly supported our starting hypotheses, but at the same time they have shown that the intricacies of Hungarian sentential syntax call for a more reserved and more carefully qualified expression of the initial proposals of Sachs (1967) and Johnson-Laird and Stevenson (1970). Focused sentences we are clearly in contrast with non-focused initial targets even after 40 seconds. Therefore it seems that the information structure is somehow maintained in the long term memory system for sentences in Hungarian. In accordance with the classical results, the meanings of neutral word order variations are misrecognized in about 60 percent after 16 seconds already. Contrary to our hypothesis, even after 40 seconds, paraphrases were correctly recognized more than 60 percent of the time. Thus, to clarify the cross-linguistic validity of memorial paraphrase equivalence more types of sentential paraphrases should be compared. The studies supported the main ideas underlying the experiments: the informational structure of the Hungarian sentence seems to be retained in long term memory, unlike neutral word order variations. This finding calls for a more detailed study with more varied stimulus materials to clarify some further issues of what is ‘form’ and what is ‘meaning’ for the memory system.

5

Wizualizacja – próba eksplikacji pojęcia

75%

Młodkowski J.

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6

Wizualizacja – próba eksplikacji pojęcia

75%

Młodkowski J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica

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1999

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nr 03

47-60

7

Correction of Acoustics in Historic Opera Theatres with the Use of Schroeder Diffuser

75%

Kamisiński T.

Archives of Acoustics

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2012

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tom Vol. 37, No. 3

349-354

EN

The paper deals with the problem of acoustic correction in historic opera theatres with the auditorium layout in the form of a horseshoe with deep underbalcony cavities limited with a semicircular wall surface. Both geometry of the cavities and excessive sound absorption determine acoustic phenomena registered in this area of the hall. The problem has been observed in the Theatre of Opera and Ballet in Lviv, Ukraine, where acoustic tests were carried out, simulation calculations performed, and finally a diffusion panel worked out designed for the rear wall of the underbalcony space. Acoustic measurements carried out after installation of the diffusers revealed favourable changes in the sound strength factor G within the range of medium and high frequencies in the underbalcony and auditorium centre area. By replacing textile tapestry with diffusion panels, a significant reduction of sound absorption was achieved for the frequency range above 1 kHz and an increase of uniformity of acoustic parameters registered in the hall. The method presented in the paper can be applied in historic halls of the similar type as well as contemporary rooms where there is a need for correction of acoustic flaws related to sound focusing or the echo effect.

8

Uklidňující dotyk sluchem: prožitek účastnice jako určující prvek tvůrčích strategií současných audioperformancí

71%

Raiterová E.

Theatralia: Revue současného myšlení o divadelní kultuře (Theatralia: The revue of contemporary thought on theatre culture)

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2023

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tom 26

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nr 2

175-196

EN

The study aims to present creative strategies of several audio performances created between the years 2019 and 2022 in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the author seeks to describe the audio performances on the basis of her own spectatorial experience and to explore their effect on the viewer from the perspective of Cognitive Science and Psychology. The author first introduces the phenomenon of audio performance and demonstrates that audio strategies based on the predisposition of the auditory system offer strong suggestion and emotionality. She outlines three strategies: (1) stimulation through ASMR using the tactile quality of hearing; (2) focusing one's attention on one's own body through the inner observer and focusing techniques; and (3) expanding consciousness through perspective shifting. In all three of these, she finds a significant relaxing effect with therapeutic potential, as well as an educational function regarding perception which targets an experience of a specific generation. Evocation of one's own experience, which the author seeks to defend within the theatrical field, plays an important role in the text.

CS

Autorka studie si klade za cíl představit tvůrčí strategie několika audioperformancí vzniklých mezi lety 2019–2022 v českém divadelním kontextu, popsat je na základě vlastního diváckého prožitku a prozkoumat jejich účinek na diváka z perspektivy kognitivních věd a psychologie. Autorka nejprve představuje fenomén audioperformance a ukazuje, že audio strategie vycházející z predispozic sluchového smyslu nabízí silnou sugesci a emocionalitu. Detekuje postupně tři strategie: 1. stimulace prostřednictvím ASMR s využitím hmatové kvality sluchu, 2. zaměření pozornosti na vlastní tělo prostřednictvím technik vnitřního pozorovatele a focusingu, 3. rozšíření vědomí prostřednictvím proměny perspektivy. U všech třech přitom nachází výrazný relaxační účinek s terapeutickým potenciálem a zároveň edukativní funkci týkající se vnímání cílící na konkrétní generační zkušenost. Důležitou roli v textu hraje evokace vlastního prožitku, o jehož obhajobu v rámci teatrologického pole autorka usiluje.

9

Fast focusing iterative migration of magnetic anomalies

63%

Rezaie M.

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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tom Vol. 69, no. 4

1215--1224

EN

Magnetic anomalies are interpreted for subsurface geological information. Three-dimensional inversion of magnetic data is a challenging quantitative approach for interpreting the data. The rapid iterative migration technique could be a good and fast alternative for the inversion method. The focusing iterative migration that employs a focusing stabilizer can generate focused migration models which justify geological interfaces, adequately. This paper introduces a new algorithm using a relaxed steepest descent method and a sigmoid stabilizer for fast focusing migration of magnetic felds. The developed method can improve the computational efciency of focusing iterative migration by reducing the required iterations. The better performance of the new method is demonstrated by two numerical models and a real case study. The magnetic anomaly over San Nicolas massive sulfde deposit in Mexico is used for the case study. Compared with the drilling information, the iterative migration methods produce robust migration models for the San Nicolas deposit.

10

Identifying the role of initial wave parameters on tsunami focusing

63%

Aydın B.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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tom Vol. 66, no. 3

283--291

EN

Unexpected local tsunami amplification, which is referred to as tsunami focusing, is attributed to two different mechanisms: bathymetric features of the ocean bottom such as underwater ridges and dipolar shape of the initial wave itself. In this study, we characterize the latter; that is, we explore how amplitude and location of the focusing point vary with certain geometric parameters of the initial wave such as its steepness and crest length. Our results reveal two important features of tsunami focusing: for mild waves maximum wave amplitude increases significantly with transverse length of wave crest, while location of the focusing point is almost invariant. For steep waves, on the other hand, increasing crest length dislocates focusing point significantly, while it causes a rather small increase in wave maximum.

11

A high-accuracy method of computation of X-ray waves propagation through an optical system consisting many lenses

51%

Kshevetskii S. , Wojda P.

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2016

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tom Vol. 20, No 2

171--186

EN

The propagation of X-ray waves through an optical system consisting of many X-ray refractive lenses is considered. Two differential equations are contemplated for solving the problem for electromagnetic wave propagation: first – an equation for the electric field, second – an equation derived for a complex phase of an electric field. Both equations are solved by the use of a finite-difference method. The simulation error is estimated mathematically and investigated. The presented results for equations show that in order to establish a high accuracy computation a much smaller number of points is needed to solve the problem of X-ray waves propagation through a multi-lens system when the method for the second equation is used. The reason for such a result is that the electric field of a wave after passing through many lenses is a quickly oscillating function of coordinates, while the electric field phase is a quickly increasing, but not oscillating function. Therefore, a very detailed difference grid, which is necessary to approximate the considered electric field can be replaced by not such a detailed grid, when computations are made for the complex wave of the electric field. The simulation error of both suggested methods is estimated. It is shown that the derived equation for a phase function allows efficient simulation of propagation of X-rays for the multi-lens optical system.

12

Measuring Trustworthiness in Neuro-Symbolic Integration

51%

Agiollo A. , Omicini A.

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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tom Vol. 35

1--10

EN

Neuro-symbolic integration of symbolic and subsymbolic techniques represents a fast-growing AI trend aimed at mitigating the issues of neural networks in terms of decision processes, reasoning, and interpretability. Several state-of-the-art neuro-symbolic approaches aim at improving performance, most of them focusing on proving their effectiveness in terms of raw predictive performance and/or reasoning capabilities. Meanwhile, few efforts have been devoted to increasing model trustworthiness, interpretability, and efficiency - mostly due to the complexity of measuring effectively improvements in terms of trustworthiness and interpretability. This is why here we analyse and discuss the need for ad-hoc trustworthiness metrics for neuro-symbolic techniques. We focus on two popular paradigms mixing subsymbolic computation and symbolic knowledge, namely: (i) symbolic knowledge extraction (SKE), aimed at mapping subsymbolic models into human-interpretable knowledge bases; and (ii) symbolic knowledge injection (SKI), aimed at forcing subsymbolic models to adhere to a given symbolic knowledge. We first emphasise the need for assessing neuro-symbolic approaches from a trustworthiness perspective, highlighting the research challenges linked with this evaluation and the need for ad-hoc trust definitions. Then we summarise recent developments in SKE and SKI metrics focusing specifically on several trustworthiness pillars such as interpretability, efficiency, and robustness of neuro-symbolic methods. Finally, we highlight open research opportunities towards reliable and flexible trustworthiness metrics for neuro-symbolic integration.

13

Can Unlabelled Data Improve AI Applications? A Comparative Study on Self-Supervised Learning in Computer Vision

51%

Bauer M. , Augenstein C.

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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tom Vol. 35

93--101

EN

Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a highly investigated area of study at present and has already become an indispensable component within an extensive range of business models and applications. One major downside of current supervised AI approaches lies in the need of numerous annotated data points to train the models. Self-supervised learning (SSL) circumvents the need for annotation, by creating supervision signals such as labels from the data itself, rather than requiring experts for this task. Current approaches mainly include the use of generative methods such as autoencoders and joint embedding architectures to fulfil this task. Recent works present comparable results to supervised learning in downstream scenarios such as classification after SSL-pretraining. To achieve this, typically modifications are required to suit the approach for the exact downstream task. Yet, current review works haven't paid too much attention to the practical implications of using SSL. Thus, we investigated and implemented popular SSL approaches, suitable for downstream tasks such as classification, from an initial collection of more than 400 papers. We evaluate a selection of these approaches under real-world dataset conditions, and in direct comparison to the supervised learning scenario. We conclude that SSL has the potential to take up with supervised learning, if the right training methods are identified and applied. Furthermore, we also introduce future directions for SSL research, as well as current limitations in real-world applications.

14

Diagnosing Machine Learning Problems in Federated Learning Systems: A Case Study

51%

Bogacka K. , Danilenka A. , Wasielewska-Michniewska K.

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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tom Vol. 35

871--876

EN

The proliferation of digital artifacts with various computing capabilities, along with the emergence of edge computing, offers new possibilities for the development of Machine Learning solutions. These new possibilities have led to the popularity of Federated Learning (FL). While there are many existing works focusing on various aspects of the FL process, the issue of the effective problem diagnosis in FL systems remains largely unexplored. In this work, we have set out to artificially simulate the training process of four selected approaches to FL topology and compare their resulting performance. After noticing concerning disturbances throughout their training process, we have successfully identified their source as the problem of exploding gradients. We have then made modifications to the model structure and analyzed the new results. Finally, we have proposed continuous monitoring of the FL training process through the local computation of a selected metric.

15

Zastosowanie zogniskowanych wiązek mikrofal do wytwarzania silnych impulsowych pól magnetycznych

51%

Bednarek S.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2021

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tom R. 97, nr 8

31--35

PL

W artykule przedstawiono projekt układu doświadczalnego do badania materiałów w silnych, impulsowych polach magnetycznych. Do wytwarzania pola wykorzystano ogniskowanie wiązek mikrofal w układzie złożonym z magnetronów albo wirkatorów oraz falowodów, soczewek i zwierciadeł parabolicznych. Wykonane obliczenia pokazały możliwość otrzymania pól magnetycznych o indukcji 9,64 T w obszarze o rozmiarach 10 mm oraz 967 T w obszarze o rozmiarach 0,1 mm. Przedyskutowano zalety i wady proponowanego układu i oceniono jego wykonalność.

EN

The experimental setup to research of materials in the pulsed high magnetic fields is presented. Focusing of the microwave beams in the system composed of magnetrons or vircators, and waveguides, parabolic lenses and mirror is exploited in the setup. Executed computation shows possibilities obtaining of the magnetic.

16

Dynamic SITCOM: an innovative approach to re-identify social network evaluation models

51%

Kizielewicz B. , Jankowski J.

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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tom Vol. 35

1023--1027

EN

Complex networks attract attention in various scientific fields due to their ability to model real world phenomena and potential for problem-solving. It is essential to evaluate these networks to simulate and solve various issues. Evaluating social networks is challenging due to the unequal status of nodes and their unknown impact on everall characteristics. Existing measures of centrality often need to consider the global structure of the network, which requires the involvement of experts and creates space for multi-criteria decision-making methods usage. Unfortunately, more access to established decision-making models is often needed for various reasons. In this article, we propose an innovative approach called Dynamic SITCOM, which considers the preferences of characteristic objects and the characteristic values of criteria, enabling the re-identification of multi-criteria decision models. The approach evaluates nodes in Facebook's complex social network, focusing on prediction accuracy using similarity measures and mean absolute error. The study shows that a stable decision model can be created and applied to evaluate nodes in complex networks.